// Copyright 2024 Dolphin Emulator Project
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later

#ifdef ENABLE_VR

#include "VideoCommon/VR/OpenXRManager.h"

#if defined(ANDROID)
#ifndef XR_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID
#define XR_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID
#endif
#ifndef XR_USE_TIMESPEC
#define XR_USE_TIMESPEC
#endif
#include <ctime>
#include <openxr/openxr_platform.h>
#elif defined(_WIN32)
#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#endif
#ifndef NOMINMAX
#define NOMINMAX
#endif
#include <Windows.h>
#include <unknwn.h>
#ifndef XR_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32
#define XR_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32
#endif
#include <openxr/openxr_platform.h>
#endif

#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <ranges>
#include <thread>
#if defined(ANDROID)
#include <android/log.h>
#include <mutex>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#include <string_view>

#include "Common/Config/Config.h"
#include "Common/Logging/Log.h"
#include "Common/StringUtil.h"
#include "Common/Thread.h"
#include "Common/Timer.h"
#include "Common/VR/OpenXRInputState.h"
#include "Core/Config/GraphicsSettings.h"
#include "Core/Config/MainSettings.h"
#include "Core/Core.h"
#include "Core/Host.h"
#include "Core/System.h"
#include "VideoCommon/OnScreenDisplay.h"
#include "VideoCommon/VideoConfig.h"

namespace VR
{
std::unique_ptr<OpenXRManager> g_openxr;

namespace
{
const char* ReferenceSpaceTypeName(XrReferenceSpaceType type)
{
  switch (type)
  {
  case XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_LOCAL:
    return "LOCAL";
  case XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_STAGE:
    return "STAGE";
  case XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_VIEW:
    return "VIEW";
  default:
    return "UNKNOWN";
  }
}

#if defined(ANDROID)
std::mutex s_android_openxr_mutex;
JavaVM* s_android_vm = nullptr;
jobject s_android_activity = nullptr;
jobject s_android_application_context = nullptr;
bool s_android_loader_initialized = false;

static bool EnsureAndroidOpenXRLoaderInitialized()
{
  std::lock_guard guard{s_android_openxr_mutex};

  if (s_android_loader_initialized)
    return true;

  if (!s_android_vm || (!s_android_activity && !s_android_application_context))
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Android VM/context not set before loader initialization.");
    return false;
  }

  XrLoaderInitInfoAndroidKHR loader_init{XR_TYPE_LOADER_INIT_INFO_ANDROID_KHR};
  loader_init.applicationVM = s_android_vm;
  // Pass the ACTIVITY as the loader-init context (an Activity is a Context), matching
  // Meta's samples and known-working GLES OpenXR apps (Lambda1VR, Quake2Quest). Meta's
  // legacy GLES session path hooks this context for activity-readiness/launch-id
  // tracking; with a plain Application context the runtime skips the launch-id query,
  // assigns no volumetric-window token, and parks the session in IDLE forever.
  loader_init.applicationContext =
      s_android_activity ? s_android_activity : s_android_application_context;

  PFN_xrInitializeLoaderKHR initialize_loader = nullptr;
  XrResult result = xrGetInstanceProcAddr(
      XR_NULL_HANDLE, "xrInitializeLoaderKHR",
      reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrVoidFunction*>(&initialize_loader));
  if (XR_FAILED(result) || initialize_loader == nullptr)
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Could not load xrInitializeLoaderKHR ({}).",
                  static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  result = initialize_loader(reinterpret_cast<const XrLoaderInitInfoBaseHeaderKHR*>(&loader_init));
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrInitializeLoaderKHR failed ({}).", static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  s_android_loader_initialized = true;
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Android loader initialized.");
  return true;
}

static uint32_t GetCurrentAndroidThreadId()
{
#if defined(SYS_gettid)
  const long tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);
#elif defined(__NR_gettid)
  const long tid = syscall(__NR_gettid);
#else
  const long tid = gettid();
#endif
  return tid > 0 ? static_cast<uint32_t>(tid) : 0;
}

static XrAndroidThreadTypeKHR ToXrAndroidThreadType(OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType type)
{
  switch (type)
  {
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::ApplicationMain:
    return XR_ANDROID_THREAD_TYPE_APPLICATION_MAIN_KHR;
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::ApplicationWorker:
    return XR_ANDROID_THREAD_TYPE_APPLICATION_WORKER_KHR;
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererMain:
    return XR_ANDROID_THREAD_TYPE_RENDERER_MAIN_KHR;
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererWorker:
    return XR_ANDROID_THREAD_TYPE_RENDERER_WORKER_KHR;
  }

  return XR_ANDROID_THREAD_TYPE_APPLICATION_WORKER_KHR;
}

static const char* AndroidThreadTypeName(OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType type)
{
  switch (type)
  {
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::ApplicationMain:
    return "application-main";
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::ApplicationWorker:
    return "application-worker";
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererMain:
    return "renderer-main";
  case OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererWorker:
    return "renderer-worker";
  }

  return "unknown";
}

static bool HasAndroidThreadTypeFallback(OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType type)
{
  return type == OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererWorker;
}

static OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType GetAndroidThreadTypeFallback(
    OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType type)
{
  // Some Quest runtime builds advertise XR_KHR_android_thread_settings but reject
  // XR_ANDROID_THREAD_TYPE_RENDERER_WORKER_KHR. The Vulkan submit thread still does
  // renderer work, so retry as renderer-main instead of leaving it untagged.
  if (type == OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererWorker)
    return OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType::RendererMain;

  return type;
}

static bool TrySetAndroidApplicationThread(XrInstance instance, XrSession session,
                                           PFN_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR set_thread,
                                           OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType requested_type,
                                           OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType type,
                                           uint32_t thread_id, std::string_view label,
                                           bool fallback)
{
  const XrResult result = set_thread(session, ToXrAndroidThreadType(type), thread_id);
  const char* label_data = label.empty() ? "" : label.data();
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    char result_string[XR_MAX_RESULT_STRING_SIZE]{};
    xrResultToString(instance, result, result_string);
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR failed for {} thread '{}' "
                 "(requested {}, tid={}): {}",
                 AndroidThreadTypeName(type), label, AndroidThreadTypeName(requested_type),
                 thread_id, result_string);
    __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, "DolphinXR",
                        "OpenXR: xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR failed for %s thread '%.*s' "
                        "(requested %s, tid=%u): %s",
                        AndroidThreadTypeName(type), static_cast<int>(label.size()), label_data,
                        AndroidThreadTypeName(requested_type), thread_id, result_string);
    return false;
  }

  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
               "OpenXR: Registered Android {} thread '{}' (requested {}, tid={}{}).",
               AndroidThreadTypeName(type), label, AndroidThreadTypeName(requested_type),
               thread_id, fallback ? ", fallback" : "");
  __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, "DolphinXR",
                      "OpenXR: registered Android %s thread '%.*s' (requested %s, tid=%u%s)",
                      AndroidThreadTypeName(type), static_cast<int>(label.size()), label_data,
                      AndroidThreadTypeName(requested_type), thread_id,
                      fallback ? ", fallback" : "");
  return true;
}

static bool SetAndroidApplicationThreadWithFallback(
    XrInstance instance, XrSession session, PFN_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR set_thread,
    OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType type, uint32_t thread_id, std::string_view label)
{
  if (TrySetAndroidApplicationThread(instance, session, set_thread, type, type, thread_id, label,
                                     false))
  {
    return true;
  }

  if (!HasAndroidThreadTypeFallback(type))
    return false;

  const OpenXRManager::AndroidThreadType fallback_type = GetAndroidThreadTypeFallback(type);
  WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Retrying Android thread '{}' registration as {}.", label,
               AndroidThreadTypeName(fallback_type));
  __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, "DolphinXR",
                      "OpenXR: retrying Android thread '%.*s' registration as %s",
                      static_cast<int>(label.size()), label.empty() ? "" : label.data(),
                      AndroidThreadTypeName(fallback_type));
  return TrySetAndroidApplicationThread(instance, session, set_thread, type, fallback_type,
                                        thread_id, label, true);
}

static const char* PerfSettingsDomainName(XrPerfSettingsDomainEXT domain)
{
  switch (domain)
  {
  case XR_PERF_SETTINGS_DOMAIN_CPU_EXT:
    return "CPU";
  case XR_PERF_SETTINGS_DOMAIN_GPU_EXT:
    return "GPU";
  default:
    return "unknown";
  }
}
#endif

static XrQuaternionf MultiplyQuaternions(const XrQuaternionf& a, const XrQuaternionf& b)
{
  return {a.w * b.x + a.x * b.w + a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y,
          a.w * b.y - a.x * b.z + a.y * b.w + a.z * b.x,
          a.w * b.z + a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x + a.z * b.w,
          a.w * b.w - a.x * b.x - a.y * b.y - a.z * b.z};
}

static float QuaternionYawDegrees(const XrQuaternionf& q)
{
  const float yaw =
      std::atan2(2.f * (q.x * q.z + q.w * q.y), 1.f - 2.f * (q.x * q.x + q.y * q.y));
  return yaw * 180.f / 3.14159265358979323846f;
}

static void CopyOpenXRName(char* dst, size_t dst_size, std::string_view src)
{
  std::memset(dst, 0, dst_size);
  const size_t copy_size = std::min(dst_size - 1, src.size());
  std::memcpy(dst, src.data(), copy_size);
}

static std::string PathToString(XrInstance instance, XrPath path)
{
  if (instance == XR_NULL_HANDLE || path == XR_NULL_PATH)
    return {};

  uint32_t required_size = 0;
  if (XR_FAILED(xrPathToString(instance, path, 0, &required_size, nullptr)) || required_size == 0)
    return {};

  std::string result(required_size, '\0');
  if (XR_FAILED(xrPathToString(instance, path, required_size, &required_size, result.data())))
    return {};

  if (!result.empty() && result.back() == '\0')
    result.pop_back();
  return result;
}

}  // namespace

// Checks an XrResult and returns false (with an error log) on failure.
// Requires m_instance to be valid for error string lookup.
#define XR_CHECK(expr)                                                                             \
  do                                                                                               \
  {                                                                                                \
    const XrResult _r = (expr);                                                                    \
    if (XR_FAILED(_r))                                                                             \
    {                                                                                              \
      char _buf[XR_MAX_RESULT_STRING_SIZE]{};                                                      \
      xrResultToString(m_instance, _r, _buf);                                                      \
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: {} failed: {}", #expr, _buf);                                  \
      return false;                                                                                 \
    }                                                                                              \
  } while (false)

std::vector<const char*> OpenXRManager::GetAvailableControllerExtensions()
{
#if defined(ANDROID)
  if (!EnsureAndroidOpenXRLoaderInitialized())
    return {};
#endif

  // The Frame controller extension is newer than the pinned OpenXR headers in some
  // build environments, so keep its published extension name as a string literal.
  static constexpr const char* FRAME_CONTROLLER_EXTENSION =
      "XR_VALVE_frame_controller_interaction";
  static const std::array<const char*, 4> s_optional = {
      XR_FB_TOUCH_CONTROLLER_PRO_EXTENSION_NAME,
      XR_META_TOUCH_CONTROLLER_PLUS_EXTENSION_NAME,
      XR_BD_CONTROLLER_INTERACTION_EXTENSION_NAME,
      FRAME_CONTROLLER_EXTENSION,
  };

  uint32_t ext_count = 0;
  xrEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, 0, &ext_count, nullptr);
  std::vector<XrExtensionProperties> exts(ext_count, {XR_TYPE_EXTENSION_PROPERTIES});
  xrEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, ext_count, &ext_count, exts.data());

  std::vector<const char*> result;
  for (const char* wanted : s_optional)
  {
    if (std::any_of(exts.begin(), exts.end(), [wanted](const XrExtensionProperties& e) {
          return std::string_view{e.extensionName} == wanted;
        }))
    {
      result.push_back(wanted);
    }
  }
  return result;
}

std::vector<const char*> OpenXRManager::GetAvailableFoveationExtensions(bool for_vulkan)
{
#if defined(ANDROID)
  if (!EnsureAndroidOpenXRLoaderInitialized())
    return {};
#endif

  // All three are needed to configure and apply a foveation profile; foveation_vulkan
  // additionally exposes the runtime's fragment density map images to the app.
  if (!IsRuntimeExtensionSupported(XR_FB_FOVEATION_EXTENSION_NAME) ||
      !IsRuntimeExtensionSupported(XR_FB_FOVEATION_CONFIGURATION_EXTENSION_NAME) ||
      !IsRuntimeExtensionSupported(XR_FB_SWAPCHAIN_UPDATE_STATE_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
    return {};
  }

  std::vector<const char*> result = {XR_FB_FOVEATION_EXTENSION_NAME,
                                     XR_FB_FOVEATION_CONFIGURATION_EXTENSION_NAME,
                                     XR_FB_SWAPCHAIN_UPDATE_STATE_EXTENSION_NAME};
  if (for_vulkan)
  {
    // Spelled out because the XR_FB_FOVEATION_VULKAN_EXTENSION_NAME macro lives in
    // openxr_platform.h behind XR_USE_GRAPHICS_API_VULKAN, which this file doesn't define.
    static constexpr const char* kFoveationVulkanExt = "XR_FB_foveation_vulkan";
    if (!IsRuntimeExtensionSupported(kFoveationVulkanExt))
      return {};
    result.push_back(kFoveationVulkanExt);
  }
  return result;
}

bool OpenXRManager::IsFoveationUsable() const
{
  return m_xrCreateFoveationProfileFB != nullptr && m_xrUpdateSwapchainFB != nullptr &&
         Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_FOVEATION_LEVEL) > Config::GFX_VR_FOVEATION_LEVEL_OFF;
}

bool OpenXRManager::ApplyFoveationToSwapchain(XrSwapchain swapchain)
{
  if (!IsFoveationUsable() || m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || swapchain == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    return false;

  const int level = std::clamp(Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_FOVEATION_LEVEL),
                               Config::GFX_VR_FOVEATION_LEVEL_OFF,
                               Config::GFX_VR_FOVEATION_LEVEL_MAX);
  const bool dynamic = Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_FOVEATION_DYNAMIC);

  XrFoveationLevelProfileCreateInfoFB level_info{XR_TYPE_FOVEATION_LEVEL_PROFILE_CREATE_INFO_FB};
  level_info.level = static_cast<XrFoveationLevelFB>(level);
  level_info.verticalOffset = 0.0f;
  level_info.dynamic =
      dynamic ? XR_FOVEATION_DYNAMIC_LEVEL_ENABLED_FB : XR_FOVEATION_DYNAMIC_DISABLED_FB;

  XrFoveationProfileCreateInfoFB profile_info{XR_TYPE_FOVEATION_PROFILE_CREATE_INFO_FB};
  profile_info.next = &level_info;

  XrFoveationProfileFB profile = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  XrResult result = m_xrCreateFoveationProfileFB(m_session, &profile_info, &profile);
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrCreateFoveationProfileFB failed ({}).",
                 static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  XrSwapchainStateFoveationFB foveation_state{XR_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_STATE_FOVEATION_FB};
  foveation_state.flags = 0;
  foveation_state.profile = profile;
  result = m_xrUpdateSwapchainFB(
      swapchain, reinterpret_cast<const XrSwapchainStateBaseHeaderFB*>(&foveation_state));

  // The runtime snapshots the profile during the update; ours can go away immediately.
  if (m_xrDestroyFoveationProfileFB != nullptr)
    m_xrDestroyFoveationProfileFB(profile);

  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrUpdateSwapchainFB (foveation) failed ({}).",
                 static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Foveation applied: level {} ({}dynamic).", level,
               dynamic ? "" : "non-");
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::IsExtensionEnabled(std::string_view ext_name) const
{
  return std::any_of(m_enabled_extensions.begin(), m_enabled_extensions.end(),
                     [ext_name](const std::string& e) { return e == ext_name; });
}

bool OpenXRManager::IsRuntimeExtensionSupported(std::string_view ext_name)
{
#if defined(ANDROID)
  if (!EnsureAndroidOpenXRLoaderInitialized())
    return false;
#endif

  uint32_t ext_count = 0;
  xrEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, 0, &ext_count, nullptr);
  std::vector<XrExtensionProperties> exts(ext_count, {XR_TYPE_EXTENSION_PROPERTIES});
  xrEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, ext_count, &ext_count, exts.data());

  return std::any_of(exts.begin(), exts.end(), [ext_name](const XrExtensionProperties& e) {
    return std::string_view{e.extensionName} == ext_name;
  });
}

OpenXRManager::OpenXRManager() = default;

OpenXRManager::~OpenXRManager()
{
  DestroySession();

  if (m_instance != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    xrDestroyInstance(m_instance);
}

bool OpenXRManager::CreateInstance(const std::vector<const char*>& extra_extensions)
{
#if defined(ANDROID)
  if (!EnsureAndroidOpenXRLoaderInitialized())
    return false;
#endif

  // Log available API layers.
  uint32_t layer_count = 0;
  xrEnumerateApiLayerProperties(0, &layer_count, nullptr);
  std::vector<XrApiLayerProperties> layers(layer_count, {XR_TYPE_API_LAYER_PROPERTIES});
  xrEnumerateApiLayerProperties(layer_count, &layer_count, layers.data());
  for (const auto& layer : layers)
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Available API layer: {}", layer.layerName);

  // Enumerate and verify extensions.
  uint32_t ext_count = 0;
  xrEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, 0, &ext_count, nullptr);
  std::vector<XrExtensionProperties> exts(ext_count, {XR_TYPE_EXTENSION_PROPERTIES});
  xrEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, ext_count, &ext_count, exts.data());
  for (const auto& ext : exts)
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Available extension: {}", ext.extensionName);

  const auto runtime_has = [&exts](std::string_view name) {
    return std::any_of(exts.begin(), exts.end(), [name](const XrExtensionProperties& e) {
      return std::string_view{e.extensionName} == name;
    });
  };

  for (const char* required : extra_extensions)
  {
    if (!runtime_has(required))
    {
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Required extension '{}' not available.", required);
      return false;
    }
  }

  // XR_FB_passthrough: Windows (Meta Horizon Link exposes it when passthrough over Link
  // is enabled) and Quest standalone. Vulkan-only — the dedicated coverage target that
  // produces the projection layer's alpha is a Vulkan feature.
  std::vector<const char*> enabled_extensions(extra_extensions);
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(ANDROID)
  const bool is_vulkan_binding =
      std::find_if(extra_extensions.begin(), extra_extensions.end(), [](const char* extension) {
        return std::string_view{extension} == "XR_KHR_vulkan_enable" ||
               std::string_view{extension} == "XR_KHR_vulkan_enable2";
      }) != extra_extensions.end();
  if (is_vulkan_binding && runtime_has(XR_FB_PASSTHROUGH_EXTENSION_NAME))
    enabled_extensions.push_back(XR_FB_PASSTHROUGH_EXTENSION_NAME);
#endif

  // Time-domain conversion: lets input sampling locate controller poses at measured "now"
  // instead of the predicted display time. Prediction extrapolates fast-moving controllers
  // several frames ahead, which sprays the aim ray during fast wrist motion.
#if defined(_WIN32)
  if (runtime_has(XR_KHR_WIN32_CONVERT_PERFORMANCE_COUNTER_TIME_EXTENSION_NAME))
    enabled_extensions.push_back(XR_KHR_WIN32_CONVERT_PERFORMANCE_COUNTER_TIME_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(ANDROID)
  if (runtime_has(XR_KHR_CONVERT_TIMESPEC_TIME_EXTENSION_NAME))
    enabled_extensions.push_back(XR_KHR_CONVERT_TIMESPEC_TIME_EXTENSION_NAME);
#endif

  XrVersion requested_api_version = XR_CURRENT_API_VERSION;
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Requesting API version {}.{}.{}.",
               XR_VERSION_MAJOR(requested_api_version), XR_VERSION_MINOR(requested_api_version),
               XR_VERSION_PATCH(requested_api_version));

  XrApplicationInfo app_info{};
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
  std::strncpy(app_info.applicationName, "BaijiSteamVR", XR_MAX_APPLICATION_NAME_SIZE - 1);
#else
  std::strncpy(app_info.applicationName, "Dolphin Emulator", XR_MAX_APPLICATION_NAME_SIZE - 1);
#endif
  app_info.applicationVersion = 1;
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
  std::strncpy(app_info.engineName, "BaijiSteamVR", XR_MAX_ENGINE_NAME_SIZE - 1);
#else
  std::strncpy(app_info.engineName, "Dolphin", XR_MAX_ENGINE_NAME_SIZE - 1);
#endif
  app_info.engineVersion = 1;
  app_info.apiVersion = requested_api_version;

  // Record which extensions we are enabling for later profile gating.
  m_enabled_extensions.clear();
  for (const char* ext : enabled_extensions)
    m_enabled_extensions.emplace_back(ext);

  XrInstanceCreateInfo create_info{XR_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO};
  create_info.applicationInfo = app_info;
  create_info.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(enabled_extensions.size());
  create_info.enabledExtensionNames = enabled_extensions.data();

#if defined(ANDROID)
  XrInstanceCreateInfoAndroidKHR android_create_info{XR_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO_ANDROID_KHR};
  {
    std::lock_guard guard{s_android_openxr_mutex};
    if (!s_android_vm || !s_android_activity)
    {
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Android VM/activity not set before xrCreateInstance.");
      return false;
    }
    android_create_info.applicationVM = s_android_vm;
    android_create_info.applicationActivity = s_android_activity;
  }
  create_info.next = &android_create_info;
#endif

  XrResult result = xrCreateInstance(&create_info, &m_instance);
  if (result == XR_ERROR_API_VERSION_UNSUPPORTED && requested_api_version != XR_API_VERSION_1_0)
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Runtime rejected API version {}.{}.{}; retrying with 1.0.",
                 XR_VERSION_MAJOR(requested_api_version), XR_VERSION_MINOR(requested_api_version),
                 XR_VERSION_PATCH(requested_api_version));
    app_info.apiVersion = XR_API_VERSION_1_0;
    create_info.applicationInfo = app_info;
    result = xrCreateInstance(&create_info, &m_instance);
  }

  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                  "OpenXR: xrCreateInstance failed ({}).",
                  static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  XrInstanceProperties props{XR_TYPE_INSTANCE_PROPERTIES};
  xrGetInstanceProperties(m_instance, &props);
  m_runtime_name = props.runtimeName;
  m_quest_or_vd_runtime.reset();
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Runtime '{}' version {}.{}.{}", props.runtimeName,
               XR_VERSION_MAJOR(props.runtimeVersion), XR_VERSION_MINOR(props.runtimeVersion),
               XR_VERSION_PATCH(props.runtimeVersion));

  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_FB_DISPLAY_REFRESH_RATE_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
    XrResult refresh_rate_result =
        xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB",
                              reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrVoidFunction*>(&m_xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB));
    if (XR_FAILED(refresh_rate_result) || m_xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB == nullptr)
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: XR_FB_display_refresh_rate enabled but "
                   "xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB could not be loaded ({}).",
                   static_cast<int>(refresh_rate_result));
      m_xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB = nullptr;
    }

    refresh_rate_result =
        xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB",
                              reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrVoidFunction*>(&m_xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB));
    if (XR_FAILED(refresh_rate_result) || m_xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB == nullptr)
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: XR_FB_display_refresh_rate enabled but "
                   "xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB could not be loaded ({}).",
                   static_cast<int>(refresh_rate_result));
      m_xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB = nullptr;
    }

    if (m_xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB != nullptr)
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_display_refresh_rate enabled.");
    }
  }

  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_FB_FOVEATION_EXTENSION_NAME) &&
      IsExtensionEnabled(XR_FB_SWAPCHAIN_UPDATE_STATE_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
    const auto load_foveation_pfn = [this](const char* name, auto* out_pfn) {
      const XrResult r = xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, name,
                                               reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrVoidFunction*>(out_pfn));
      if (XR_FAILED(r) || *out_pfn == nullptr)
      {
        WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_foveation enabled but {} could not be loaded ({}).",
                     name, static_cast<int>(r));
        *out_pfn = nullptr;
        return false;
      }
      return true;
    };

    if (load_foveation_pfn("xrCreateFoveationProfileFB", &m_xrCreateFoveationProfileFB) &&
        load_foveation_pfn("xrDestroyFoveationProfileFB", &m_xrDestroyFoveationProfileFB) &&
        load_foveation_pfn("xrUpdateSwapchainFB", &m_xrUpdateSwapchainFB))
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_foveation enabled.");
    }
    else
    {
      m_xrCreateFoveationProfileFB = nullptr;
      m_xrDestroyFoveationProfileFB = nullptr;
      m_xrUpdateSwapchainFB = nullptr;
    }
  }

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(ANDROID)
  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_FB_PASSTHROUGH_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
    const auto load_pfn = [this](const char* name, auto* out_pfn) {
      const XrResult r = xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, name,
                                               reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrVoidFunction*>(out_pfn));
      if (XR_FAILED(r) || *out_pfn == nullptr)
      {
        WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_passthrough enabled but {} could not be loaded ({}).",
                     name, static_cast<int>(r));
        *out_pfn = nullptr;
        return false;
      }
      return true;
    };

    const bool loaded = load_pfn("xrCreatePassthroughFB", &m_xrCreatePassthroughFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrDestroyPassthroughFB", &m_xrDestroyPassthroughFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrPassthroughStartFB", &m_xrPassthroughStartFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrPassthroughPauseFB", &m_xrPassthroughPauseFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrCreatePassthroughLayerFB", &m_xrCreatePassthroughLayerFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrDestroyPassthroughLayerFB", &m_xrDestroyPassthroughLayerFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrPassthroughLayerPauseFB", &m_xrPassthroughLayerPauseFB) &&
                        load_pfn("xrPassthroughLayerResumeFB", &m_xrPassthroughLayerResumeFB);
    if (loaded)
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_passthrough enabled.");
    }
    else
    {
      m_xrCreatePassthroughFB = nullptr;
      m_xrDestroyPassthroughFB = nullptr;
      m_xrPassthroughStartFB = nullptr;
      m_xrPassthroughPauseFB = nullptr;
      m_xrCreatePassthroughLayerFB = nullptr;
      m_xrDestroyPassthroughLayerFB = nullptr;
      m_xrPassthroughLayerPauseFB = nullptr;
      m_xrPassthroughLayerResumeFB = nullptr;
    }
  }
#endif

#if defined(ANDROID)
  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_KHR_ANDROID_THREAD_SETTINGS_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
    XrResult thread_settings_result =
        xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR",
                              &m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR);
    if (XR_FAILED(thread_settings_result) || m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR == nullptr)
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: XR_KHR_android_thread_settings enabled but "
                   "xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR could not be loaded ({}).",
                   static_cast<int>(thread_settings_result));
      m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR = nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_KHR_android_thread_settings enabled.");
    }
  }

  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_EXT_PERFORMANCE_SETTINGS_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
    XrResult perf_settings_result =
        xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT",
                              &m_xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT);
    if (XR_FAILED(perf_settings_result) || m_xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT == nullptr)
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: XR_EXT_performance_settings enabled but "
                   "xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT could not be loaded ({}).",
                   static_cast<int>(perf_settings_result));
      m_xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT = nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_EXT_performance_settings enabled.");
    }
  }
#endif

  return true;
}

#if defined(ANDROID)
void OpenXRManager::SetAndroidAppInfo(JavaVM* vm, JNIEnv* env, jobject activity)
{
  std::lock_guard guard{s_android_openxr_mutex};

  if (s_android_activity)
    env->DeleteGlobalRef(s_android_activity);
  if (s_android_application_context)
    env->DeleteGlobalRef(s_android_application_context);

  s_android_vm = vm;
  s_android_loader_initialized = false;
  s_android_activity = activity ? env->NewGlobalRef(activity) : nullptr;
  s_android_application_context = nullptr;

  if (!activity)
    return;

  jclass activity_class = env->GetObjectClass(activity);
  jmethodID get_application_context =
      env->GetMethodID(activity_class, "getApplicationContext", "()Landroid/content/Context;");
  jobject application_context = env->CallObjectMethod(activity, get_application_context);
  if (application_context)
  {
    s_android_application_context = env->NewGlobalRef(application_context);
    env->DeleteLocalRef(application_context);
  }
  env->DeleteLocalRef(activity_class);
}

void OpenXRManager::ClearAndroidAppInfo(JNIEnv* env)
{
  std::lock_guard guard{s_android_openxr_mutex};

  if (s_android_activity)
  {
    env->DeleteGlobalRef(s_android_activity);
    s_android_activity = nullptr;
  }
  if (s_android_application_context)
  {
    env->DeleteGlobalRef(s_android_application_context);
    s_android_application_context = nullptr;
  }

  s_android_vm = nullptr;
  s_android_loader_initialized = false;
}

bool OpenXRManager::RegisterCurrentAndroidThread(AndroidThreadType type, std::string_view label)
{
  if (m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR == nullptr)
    return false;

  const uint32_t thread_id = GetCurrentAndroidThreadId();
  if (thread_id == 0)
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Could not determine Android thread id for '{}'.", label);
    return false;
  }

  {
    // Threads spawn before the video backend creates the XrSession (Core.cpp:344/506
    // both fire from emu/GPU thread bootstrap, before SetSession runs). Queue and
    // replay from SetSession so Meta's runtime sees the thread tags it needs to
    // grant big.LITTLE scheduling and DVFS escalation.
    //
    // The m_session check and the push must be inside the same lock the flush uses,
    // otherwise SetSession's flush could run between our check and our push and leave
    // the entry orphaned.
    std::lock_guard guard(m_pending_thread_registrations_mutex);
    if (m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    {
      m_pending_thread_registrations.push_back({thread_id, type, std::string(label)});
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: Deferring Android {} thread '{}' (tid={}) — session not yet "
                   "created.",
                   AndroidThreadTypeName(type), label, thread_id);
      return false;
    }
  }

  const auto set_thread = reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR>(
      m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR);
  return SetAndroidApplicationThreadWithFallback(m_instance, m_session, set_thread, type,
                                                 thread_id, label);
}

void OpenXRManager::FlushPendingAndroidThreadRegistrations()
{
  if (m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR == nullptr)
    return;

  std::vector<PendingAndroidThreadRegistration> to_flush;
  {
    std::lock_guard guard(m_pending_thread_registrations_mutex);
    to_flush.swap(m_pending_thread_registrations);
  }

  if (to_flush.empty())
    return;

  const auto set_thread = reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR>(
      m_xrSetAndroidApplicationThreadKHR);

  for (const auto& pending : to_flush)
  {
    SetAndroidApplicationThreadWithFallback(m_instance, m_session, set_thread, pending.type,
                                            pending.thread_id, pending.label);
  }
}

bool OpenXRManager::RequestAndroidHighPerformanceLevel()
{
  if (m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT == nullptr)
    return false;

  if (!Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_QUEST_CPU_LEVEL_5_HINT))
  {
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Quest CPU level 5 hint disabled; not requesting sustained high.");
    return false;
  }

  const auto set_performance_level = reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT>(
      m_xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT);

  const auto request_domain = [&](XrPerfSettingsDomainEXT domain) {
    constexpr XrPerfSettingsLevelEXT level = XR_PERF_SETTINGS_LEVEL_SUSTAINED_HIGH_EXT;
    const XrResult result = set_performance_level(m_session, domain, level);
    if (XR_FAILED(result))
    {
      char result_string[XR_MAX_RESULT_STRING_SIZE]{};
      xrResultToString(m_instance, result, result_string);
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: xrPerfSettingsSetPerformanceLevelEXT failed for {}: {}",
                   PerfSettingsDomainName(domain), result_string);
      return false;
    }

    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Requested {} performance level SUSTAINED_HIGH.",
                 PerfSettingsDomainName(domain));
    return true;
  };

  const bool cpu_ok = request_domain(XR_PERF_SETTINGS_DOMAIN_CPU_EXT);
  const bool gpu_ok = request_domain(XR_PERF_SETTINGS_DOMAIN_GPU_EXT);
  return cpu_ok && gpu_ok;
}
#endif

bool OpenXRManager::InitializeSystem()
{
  XrSystemGetInfo system_info{XR_TYPE_SYSTEM_GET_INFO};
  system_info.formFactor = XR_FORM_FACTOR_HEAD_MOUNTED_DISPLAY;

  const XrResult result = xrGetSystem(m_instance, &system_info, &m_system_id);
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                  "OpenXR: xrGetSystem failed ({}). Is a headset connected?",
                  static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  XrSystemProperties props{XR_TYPE_SYSTEM_PROPERTIES};
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(ANDROID)
  XrSystemPassthroughPropertiesFB passthrough_props{XR_TYPE_SYSTEM_PASSTHROUGH_PROPERTIES_FB};
  if (m_xrCreatePassthroughFB != nullptr)
    props.next = &passthrough_props;
#endif
  const XrResult properties_result = xrGetSystemProperties(m_instance, m_system_id, &props);
  if (XR_FAILED(properties_result))
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: xrGetSystemProperties failed ({}); runtime layer capacity is unknown.",
                 static_cast<int>(properties_result));
    m_max_layer_count = 0;
  }
  else
  {
    m_max_layer_count = props.graphicsProperties.maxLayerCount;
  }
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Runtime composition layer limit {}.", m_max_layer_count);
  m_system_name = props.systemName;
  m_quest_or_vd_runtime.reset();
  m_system_vendor_id = props.vendorId;
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(ANDROID)
  m_system_supports_fb_passthrough = passthrough_props.supportsPassthrough == XR_TRUE;
#else
  m_system_supports_fb_passthrough = false;
#endif
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: System '{}' (vendor {:08x})", props.systemName, props.vendorId);
  if (m_xrCreatePassthroughFB != nullptr)
  {
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_passthrough system support: {}",
                 m_system_supports_fb_passthrough ? "yes" : "no");
  }

  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::EnumerateViewConfigurations()
{
  uint32_t view_count = 0;
  XrResult result = xrEnumerateViewConfigurationViews(
      m_instance, m_system_id, XR_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_TYPE_PRIMARY_STEREO, 0, &view_count, nullptr);

  if (XR_FAILED(result) || view_count != 2)
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                  "OpenXR: Failed to enumerate view configs or unexpected count ({}). "
                  "Expected 2 views for stereo.",
                  view_count);
    return false;
  }

  m_view_config_views.fill({XR_TYPE_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_VIEW});
  XR_CHECK(xrEnumerateViewConfigurationViews(m_instance, m_system_id,
                                             XR_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_TYPE_PRIMARY_STEREO,
                                             view_count, &view_count, m_view_config_views.data()));

  // Bake the user's resolution scale into the recommended sizes so every consumer
  // (swapchain creation, per-eye blit rects, GetEyeWidth/Height) stays consistent.
  // Read through Config::Get: this can run before g_ActiveConfig is populated.
  const float resolution_scale = std::clamp(Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_RESOLUTION_SCALE),
                                            Config::GFX_VR_RESOLUTION_SCALE_MIN,
                                            Config::GFX_VR_RESOLUTION_SCALE_MAX);

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < view_count; ++i)
  {
    auto& view = m_view_config_views[i];
    const uint32_t recommended_w = view.recommendedImageRectWidth;
    const uint32_t recommended_h = view.recommendedImageRectHeight;

    if (std::abs(resolution_scale - 1.0f) > 0.001f)
    {
      // Round to a multiple of 4 and clamp to the runtime's limits.
      const auto scale_dim = [resolution_scale](uint32_t dim, uint32_t max_dim) {
        const auto scaled = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::lround(dim * resolution_scale / 4.0)) * 4;
        return std::clamp<uint32_t>(scaled, 64, max_dim);
      };
      view.recommendedImageRectWidth = scale_dim(recommended_w, view.maxImageRectWidth);
      view.recommendedImageRectHeight = scale_dim(recommended_h, view.maxImageRectHeight);
    }

    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Eye {} recommended {}x{} (max {}x{}), using {}x{} (scale {})", i,
                 recommended_w, recommended_h, view.maxImageRectWidth, view.maxImageRectHeight,
                 view.recommendedImageRectWidth, view.recommendedImageRectHeight,
                 resolution_scale);
  }

  uint32_t blend_count = 0;
  xrEnumerateEnvironmentBlendModes(m_instance, m_system_id,
                                   XR_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_TYPE_PRIMARY_STEREO, 0, &blend_count,
                                   nullptr);
  m_supported_blend_modes.resize(blend_count);
  xrEnumerateEnvironmentBlendModes(m_instance, m_system_id,
                                   XR_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_TYPE_PRIMARY_STEREO, blend_count,
                                   &blend_count, m_supported_blend_modes.data());
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: {} environment blend mode(s) supported", blend_count);
  if (SupportsAlphaBlend())
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Alpha-blend passthrough (AR) is available");

  return true;
}

void OpenXRManager::SetSession(XrSession session)
{
  // Passthrough objects are children of the previous session; drop them before switching.
  DestroyFBPassthrough();

  m_session = session;

  if (m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    DestroyInputActions();
    ResetInputActionsState();
    return;
  }

  CaptureStartupDisplayRefreshRateFromExtension();

#if defined(ANDROID)
  // Replay any thread tags that were deferred while the session was being created.
  FlushPendingAndroidThreadRegistrations();
#endif

  if (!InitializeInputActions())
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Controller input actions unavailable.");
    ResetInputActionsState();
  }
}

void OpenXRManager::SetSwapchain(IOpenXRSwapchain* swapchain)
{
  if (swapchain == nullptr)
  {
    // Stop before the backend destroys the swapchains: the pacing thread's heartbeat
    // layers reference swapchain handles, and EndFrame takes the graphics queue lock.
    StopFrameThread();
    m_swapchain = nullptr;
    // XFB pose stamps hold poses in the (possibly outgoing) session's reference space.
    m_xfb_pose_stamps = {};
    m_xfb_pose_stamp_next = 0;
    m_present_eye_views_valid = false;
    return;
  }

  m_swapchain = swapchain;
  if (!swapchain->SupportsDetachedFrameLoop())
  {
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: backend requires the inline frame flow (no pacing thread).");
  }
  else if (Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_USE_XR_PACING_THREAD))
  {
    StartFrameThread();
  }
  else
  {
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR pacing thread disabled by config (legacy frame flow).");
  }
}

void OpenXRManager::StartFrameThread()
{
  if (m_frame_thread.joinable())
    return;

  m_frame_thread_should_exit.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_frame_thread_running.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  m_frame_thread = std::thread(&OpenXRManager::FrameThreadLoop, this);
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR pacing thread started.");
}

void OpenXRManager::StopFrameThread()
{
  if (!m_frame_thread.joinable())
    return;

  m_frame_thread_should_exit.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
    m_publish_cv.notify_all();
  }
  m_frame_thread.join();
  m_frame_thread_running.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR pacing thread stopped.");
}

void OpenXRManager::ShutdownSession()
{
  StopFrameThread();

  if (m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || !m_session_running.load(std::memory_order_acquire))
    return;

  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Requesting running session exit before teardown.");
  const XrResult request_result = xrRequestExitSession(m_session);
  if (XR_FAILED(request_result))
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrRequestExitSession failed during teardown ({}).",
                 static_cast<int>(request_result));
    return;
  }

  // xrRequestExitSession is asynchronous. Give the runtime enough time to report STOPPING,
  // whose event handler performs the only spec-valid xrEndSession call, and then EXITING. Waiting
  // for the terminal event is important on PC runtimes: the compositor can still be consuming the
  // last submitted swapchain image after xrEndSession has merely made the session non-running.
  // Destruction remains legal from any state, so a misbehaving runtime cannot hang shutdown.
  constexpr auto shutdown_timeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(500);
  const auto deadline = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + shutdown_timeout;
  while (m_session_state != XR_SESSION_STATE_EXITING &&
         m_session_state != XR_SESSION_STATE_LOSS_PENDING &&
         std::chrono::steady_clock::now() < deadline)
  {
    PollEvents();
    if (m_session_state != XR_SESSION_STATE_EXITING &&
        m_session_state != XR_SESSION_STATE_LOSS_PENDING)
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
  }

  if (m_session_state != XR_SESSION_STATE_EXITING &&
      m_session_state != XR_SESSION_STATE_LOSS_PENDING)
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Runtime did not finish session exit within 500 ms (state={}); "
                 "continuing bounded teardown.",
                 static_cast<int>(m_session_state));
  }
}

void OpenXRManager::DestroySession()
{
  SetSwapchain(nullptr);
  ShutdownSession();
  DestroyInputActions();
  ResetInputActionsState();
  DestroyFBPassthrough();

  if (m_reference_space != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    xrDestroySpace(m_reference_space);
    m_reference_space = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  }

  if (m_session != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    xrDestroySession(m_session);
    m_session = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  }

  // Everything below belongs to a session or its frame loop. Keep only the instance/system and
  // instance-level extension state so a subsequent game starts from the same state as a newly
  // constructed manager without forcing the runtime through VR_Shutdown/VR_Init again.
  SetSessionFocused(false, false);
  m_session_state = XR_SESSION_STATE_UNKNOWN;
  m_session_running.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_frame_begun.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_stop_confirmation_active.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_stop_confirmation_result.store(OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Idle,
                                   std::memory_order_release);
  m_max_layer_count = 0;
  m_exit_render_loop = false;
  m_frame_state = {XR_TYPE_FRAME_STATE};
  m_view_state_flags = 0;
  m_predicted_display_time_snapshot.store(0, std::memory_order_release);
  m_predicted_display_period_snapshot.store(0, std::memory_order_release);
  m_should_render_snapshot.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_last_predicted_display_time = 0;
  m_estimated_display_period_ms.store(0.0, std::memory_order_release);
  m_startup_display_refresh_rate_hz = 0.0f;

  {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
    m_published_frame = {};
    m_published_frame.quad = {XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD};
    m_publish_serial = 0;
  }
  m_video_handoff_active.store(0, std::memory_order_release);

  m_views = {};
  m_eye_views = {};
  m_rendered_eye_views = {};
  m_submitted_eye_views = {};
  m_present_eye_views = {};
  m_present_eye_views_valid = false;
  m_xfb_pose_stamps = {};
  m_xfb_pose_stamp_next = 0;
  m_xfb_pose_stamp_serial = 0;
  m_logged_interaction_profiles = {XR_NULL_PATH, XR_NULL_PATH};
  m_home_set = false;
  m_home_position = {0.f, 0.f, 0.f};
  m_recenter_requested.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_flat_screen_reanchor_pending.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  {
    std::lock_guard lock(m_flat_screen_pose_mutex);
    m_flat_screen_pose_valid = false;
    m_flat_screen_pose = {{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f}, {0.f, 0.f, 0.f}};
  }
  m_flat_quad_layer = {XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD};
  m_controller_anchor_cache_valid = {false, false};
}

void OpenXRManager::PublishFrame(const std::array<XrCompositionLayerProjectionView, 2>& views,
                                 XrCompositionLayerFlags layer_flags)
{
  // Frames rendered before the first LocateViews of a session carry unseeded (all-zero
  // orientation) poses; submitting or heartbeating those gets XR_ERROR_POSE_INVALID.
  const auto valid_orientation = [](const XrQuaternionf& q) {
    return q.x != 0.0f || q.y != 0.0f || q.z != 0.0f || q.w != 0.0f;
  };
  if (!valid_orientation(views[0].pose.orientation) ||
      !valid_orientation(views[1].pose.orientation))
  {
    return;
  }

  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
  m_published_frame = {};
  m_published_frame.valid = true;
  m_published_frame.is_quad = false;
  m_published_frame.views = views;
  m_published_frame.layer_flags = layer_flags;
  m_publish_serial++;
  m_publish_cv.notify_all();
}

void OpenXRManager::PublishQuadFrame(const XrCompositionLayerQuad& quad)
{
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
  m_published_frame = {};
  m_published_frame.valid = true;
  m_published_frame.is_quad = true;
  m_published_frame.is_stereo_quad = false;
  m_published_frame.quad = quad;
  m_published_frame.stereo_quad_count = 0;
  m_publish_serial++;
  m_publish_cv.notify_all();
}

void OpenXRManager::PublishStereoQuadFrame(const std::array<XrCompositionLayerQuad, 2>& quads)
{
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
  m_published_frame = {};
  m_published_frame.valid = true;
  m_published_frame.is_quad = false;
  m_published_frame.is_stereo_quad = true;
  m_published_frame.stereo_quads = quads;
  m_published_frame.stereo_quad_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(quads.size());
  m_publish_serial++;
  m_publish_cv.notify_all();
}

void OpenXRManager::CacheSubmittedFrame(
    const std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>& layers)
{
  PublishedXRFrame frame;
  if (layers.size() == 1 && layers[0] != nullptr &&
      layers[0]->type == XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_PROJECTION)
  {
    const auto* projection = reinterpret_cast<const XrCompositionLayerProjection*>(layers[0]);
    if (projection->viewCount == frame.views.size() && projection->views != nullptr)
    {
      frame.valid = true;
      frame.layer_flags = projection->layerFlags;
      std::copy_n(projection->views, frame.views.size(), frame.views.begin());
    }
  }
  else if (layers.size() == 1 && layers[0] != nullptr &&
           layers[0]->type == XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD)
  {
    frame.valid = true;
    frame.is_quad = true;
    frame.quad = *reinterpret_cast<const XrCompositionLayerQuad*>(layers[0]);
  }
  else if (layers.size() == 2 && layers[0] != nullptr && layers[1] != nullptr &&
           layers[0]->type == XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD &&
           layers[1]->type == XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD)
  {
    frame.valid = true;
    frame.is_stereo_quad = true;
    frame.stereo_quad_count = 2;
    frame.stereo_quads[0] = *reinterpret_cast<const XrCompositionLayerQuad*>(layers[0]);
    frame.stereo_quads[1] = *reinterpret_cast<const XrCompositionLayerQuad*>(layers[1]);
  }

  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
  m_published_frame = frame;
  ++m_publish_serial;
  m_publish_cv.notify_all();
}

void OpenXRManager::FrameThreadLoop()
{
  Common::SetCurrentThreadName("OpenXR Pacing");
#if defined(ANDROID)
  // Meta's runtime applies big.LITTLE pinning / DVFS escalation to tagged threads.
  RegisterCurrentAndroidThread(AndroidThreadType::RendererWorker, "OpenXR Pacing");
  // A fast core, but off the CPU/Video cores so the wakeup-heavy pacing loop doesn't
  // steal cycles from the emulator's hot threads.
  if (Config::Get(Config::GFX_VR_PIN_EMULATION_CORES))
  {
    const int core =
        Common::PinCurrentThreadToPerformanceCore(Common::ThreadCoreRole::VRPacing);
    if (core >= 0)
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Pinned pacing thread to performance core cpu{}.", core);
  }
#endif

  // Last content handed over by the game; re-submitted every display period while no
  // fresh frame arrives ("heartbeat"). The compositor reprojects it with the current
  // head pose (ATW), which is what makes sub-refresh-rate games feel smooth — the job
  // the old Opcode Replay re-rendering used to do, at zero GPU cost.
  PublishedXRFrame last_frame;
  bool have_frame = false;
  uint64_t consumed_serial = 0;

  // Rolling 5s instrumentation window.
  u64 stats_start_us = Common::Timer::NowUs();
  u32 stat_cycles = 0, stat_fresh = 0, stat_repeat = 0, stat_empty = 0;
  u32 stat_handoff_waited = 0;  // 50us slices spent waiting out a video-thread handoff
  double stat_wait_ms = 0.0, stat_end_ms = 0.0, stat_content_wait_ms = 0.0;

  // Smoothed xrEndFrame cost. Cheap on Quest (~0.5ms) but 1–5ms on PC runtimes like
  // Virtual Desktop; the content-wait budget must shrink accordingly or a full pacing
  // cycle exceeds the display period and the thread can no longer hold refresh rate.
  double endframe_ema_us = 500.0;
  u64 last_cycle_us = 0;

  // Heartbeat mode (g_ActiveConfig.vr_eager_heartbeat, read live each cycle so it can be
  // toggled mid-session for A/B testing):
  //
  // Eager (standalone default): run one cycle per display period and re-submit the last
  // frame whenever the game is slower — there is no runtime motion smoothing on Quest,
  // so filling every compositor slot is a straight win (measured: 72/72, 0 stales).
  //
  // Lazy (PC default): wait for the game to publish BEFORE starting a frame cycle, so the
  // runtime sees the app's true cadence. PC runtimes (Virtual Desktop, SteamVR, Meta
  // Link) key their motion smoothing (SSW/ASW) off the app frame rate — a full-rate
  // heartbeat makes them disable it and exposes the raw sub-refresh cadence beat as
  // head-tracking judder. Heartbeat then fires only as a keep-alive when content stops
  // flowing entirely (loading screens, shader compilation).

  while (!m_frame_thread_should_exit.load(std::memory_order_acquire))
  {
    const bool eager_heartbeat = g_ActiveConfig.vr_eager_heartbeat;
    const u64 cycle_start_us = Common::Timer::NowUs();
    if (!PollEvents())
      break;

    if (!m_session_running.load(std::memory_order_acquire))
    {
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(5));
      continue;
    }

    if (!eager_heartbeat)
    {
      // Pace to the game: block here (outside the XR frame protocol) until a frame is
      // published or the keep-alive interval elapses.
      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
      m_publish_cv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::milliseconds(150), [&] {
        return m_publish_serial != consumed_serial ||
               m_frame_thread_should_exit.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
      });
      if (m_frame_thread_should_exit.load(std::memory_order_acquire))
        break;
    }

    const u64 t0 = Common::Timer::NowUs();
    if (!WaitFrame())
    {
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2));
      continue;
    }
    const u64 t1 = Common::Timer::NowUs();
    if (!BeginFrame())
      continue;

    const bool runtime_should_render =
        m_should_render_snapshot.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
    const bool should_render = runtime_should_render && Host_RendererHasFocus();
#else
    const bool should_render = runtime_should_render &&
                               m_session_focused.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
#endif
    const int64_t period_ns = m_predicted_display_period_snapshot.load(std::memory_order_acquire);

    // Wait for the game to hand over a fresh frame for as long as this cycle can afford:
    // one display period minus the time already spent since xrWaitFrame returned, minus
    // the (smoothed) xrEndFrame cost on this runtime, minus a scheduling margin. This is
    // the longest pickup window that still keeps the full cycle within one period — a
    // shorter window makes frames slip a whole cycle (visible judder), a longer one
    // makes the pacing thread miss compositor deadlines (VDXR's xrEndFrame alone costs
    // 1–5 ms, vs ~0.5 ms on Quest).
    const u64 t2 = Common::Timer::NowUs();
    bool fresh = false;
    if (should_render)
    {
      const int64_t since_wait_ns = static_cast<int64_t>(t2 - t1) * 1000;
      int64_t budget_ns = period_ns - since_wait_ns -
                          static_cast<int64_t>(endframe_ema_us * 1000.0) - 1'000'000;
      budget_ns = std::clamp<int64_t>(budget_ns, 0, period_ns);
      // Catch-up: a healthy cycle equals one period (xrWaitFrame throttles), so only
      // treat >125% of a period as an overrun worth skipping the content wait for.
      if (static_cast<int64_t>(last_cycle_us) * 1000 > period_ns + period_ns / 4)
        budget_ns = 0;
      // Lazy mode already waited for content before the cycle started; just consume.
      if (!eager_heartbeat)
        budget_ns = 0;
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
      // Steam Frame: let xrWaitFrame own the submission cadence. Waiting for
      // game content here couples heartbeat delivery to emulation jitter; the trace
      // showed 10-15 ms waits despite already having a released frame to submit.
      // Consume whatever is ready and otherwise reuse the last layers immediately.
      budget_ns = 0;
#endif

      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
      if (budget_ns > 0 && m_publish_serial == consumed_serial)
      {
        m_publish_cv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::nanoseconds(budget_ns), [&] {
          return m_publish_serial != consumed_serial ||
                 m_frame_thread_should_exit.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
        });
      }
      if (m_publish_serial != consumed_serial)
      {
        last_frame = m_published_frame;
        consumed_serial = m_publish_serial;
        have_frame = true;
        fresh = true;
      }
    }

#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
    // Checking the flag below is not mutual exclusion: a video handoff can start
    // after that check but before xrEndFrame. Keep both eye releases and their
    // metadata publish indivisible with respect to the runtime's image selection.
    std::unique_lock handoff_lock(m_video_handoff_mutex);
#endif

    // Never submit while the video thread is swapping the front swapchain image and
    // publishing its matching pose — landing in that window submits the new image with
    // the old pose (backwards ATW warp = a previously shown frame flashes). Bounded so
    // a stuck video thread can never hang the pacing loop; on the last iteration we
    // proceed anyway (a rare single-frame mismatch beats missing the compositor).
    for (int spins = 0;
         m_video_handoff_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire) > 0 && spins < 40; ++spins)
    {
      stat_handoff_waited++;
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(50));
    }
    // A publish may have completed during that wait; consume it so the pose we submit
    // matches the image the video thread just made front.
    {
      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m_publish_mutex);
      if (m_publish_serial != consumed_serial)
      {
        last_frame = m_published_frame;
        consumed_serial = m_publish_serial;
        have_frame = true;
        fresh = true;
      }
    }
    const u64 t3 = Common::Timer::NowUs();

    // Build the layer stack from the newest content we have. Passthrough layer
    // prepending, blend mode, and the graphics queue lock live in EndFrameDetached.
    XrCompositionLayerProjection projection_layer{XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_PROJECTION};
    std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*> layers;
    const bool submit_content = should_render && have_frame;
    if (submit_content)
    {
      if (last_frame.is_quad)
      {
        layers.push_back(reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&last_frame.quad));
      }
      else if (last_frame.is_stereo_quad)
      {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < last_frame.stereo_quad_count; ++i)
        {
          layers.push_back(
              reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&last_frame.stereo_quads[i]));
        }
      }
      else
      {
        projection_layer.layerFlags = last_frame.layer_flags;
        projection_layer.space = m_reference_space;
        projection_layer.viewCount = 2;
        projection_layer.views = last_frame.views.data();
        layers.push_back(reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&projection_layer));
      }
    }

    EndFrameDetached(m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime, GetActiveBlendMode(), should_render,
                     layers);
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
    handoff_lock.unlock();
#endif
    const u64 t4 = Common::Timer::NowUs();
    endframe_ema_us = endframe_ema_us * 0.8 + static_cast<double>(t4 - t3) * 0.2;
    last_cycle_us = t4 - cycle_start_us;

    stat_cycles++;
    if (fresh)
      stat_fresh++;
    else if (submit_content)
      stat_repeat++;
    else
      stat_empty++;
    stat_wait_ms += (t1 - t0) / 1000.0;
    stat_content_wait_ms += (t3 - t2) / 1000.0;
    stat_end_ms += (t4 - t3) / 1000.0;

    const u64 now_us = Common::Timer::NowUs();
    if (now_us - stats_start_us >= 5'000'000 && stat_cycles > 0)
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "XRPacing: {:.1f} cycles/s (fresh={} repeat={} empty={}) | per cycle: "
                   "xrWaitFrame={:.2f}ms content_wait={:.2f}ms xrEndFrame={:.2f}ms | "
                   "handoff_waits={} (x50us)",
                   stat_cycles / ((now_us - stats_start_us) / 1'000'000.0), stat_fresh,
                   stat_repeat, stat_empty, stat_wait_ms / stat_cycles,
                   stat_content_wait_ms / stat_cycles, stat_end_ms / stat_cycles,
                   stat_handoff_waited);
      stats_start_us = now_us;
      stat_cycles = stat_fresh = stat_repeat = stat_empty = 0;
      stat_handoff_waited = 0;
      stat_wait_ms = stat_end_ms = stat_content_wait_ms = 0.0;
    }
  }

  m_frame_thread_running.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR pacing thread exiting.");
}

void OpenXRManager::CaptureStartupDisplayRefreshRateFromExtension()
{
  if (m_startup_display_refresh_rate_hz > 0.0f || m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE ||
      m_xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB == nullptr)
  {
    return;
  }

  float refresh_rate_hz = 0.0f;
  const XrResult result = m_xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB(m_session, &refresh_rate_hz);
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrGetDisplayRefreshRateFB failed ({}).",
                 static_cast<int>(result));
    return;
  }

  SetStartupDisplayRefreshRate(refresh_rate_hz, "XR_FB_display_refresh_rate");
}

void OpenXRManager::SetStartupDisplayRefreshRate(float refresh_rate_hz, std::string_view source)
{
  if (m_startup_display_refresh_rate_hz > 0.0f || refresh_rate_hz <= 0.0f)
    return;

  m_startup_display_refresh_rate_hz = refresh_rate_hz;
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Startup display refresh rate is {:.2f} Hz from {}.",
               m_startup_display_refresh_rate_hz, source);
  Config::OnConfigChanged();
}

bool OpenXRManager::RequestDisplayRefreshRate(float refresh_rate_hz)
{
  if (m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB == nullptr)
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Cannot request refresh rate (session={} request_pfn={}).",
                 m_session != XR_NULL_HANDLE, m_xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB != nullptr);
    return false;
  }

  refresh_rate_hz = std::max(refresh_rate_hz, 1.0f);
  const XrResult result = m_xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB(m_session, refresh_rate_hz);
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrRequestDisplayRefreshRateFB({:.2f} Hz) failed ({}).",
                 refresh_rate_hz, static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Requested display refresh rate {:.2f} Hz.", refresh_rate_hz);
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::InitializeInputActions()
{
  if (m_input_action_set != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    return true;

  if (m_instance == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    return false;

  auto to_path = [this](const char* path) -> XrPath {
    XrPath xr_path = XR_NULL_PATH;
    if (XR_FAILED(xrStringToPath(m_instance, path, &xr_path)))
      return XR_NULL_PATH;
    return xr_path;
  };

  m_input_hand_paths[0] = to_path("/user/hand/left");
  m_input_hand_paths[1] = to_path("/user/hand/right");
  if (m_input_hand_paths[0] == XR_NULL_PATH || m_input_hand_paths[1] == XR_NULL_PATH)
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Failed to create hand subaction paths.");
    return false;
  }

  XrActionSetCreateInfo action_set_info{XR_TYPE_ACTION_SET_CREATE_INFO};
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
  CopyOpenXRName(action_set_info.actionSetName, XR_MAX_ACTION_SET_NAME_SIZE, "baiji_input");
#else
  CopyOpenXRName(action_set_info.actionSetName, XR_MAX_ACTION_SET_NAME_SIZE, "dolphin_input");
#endif
  CopyOpenXRName(action_set_info.localizedActionSetName, XR_MAX_LOCALIZED_ACTION_SET_NAME_SIZE,
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
                 "BaijiSteamVR Input");
#else
                 "Dolphin Input");
#endif
  action_set_info.priority = 0;

  XrResult result = xrCreateActionSet(m_instance, &action_set_info, &m_input_action_set);
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrCreateActionSet failed ({}).", static_cast<int>(result));
    return false;
  }

  const auto create_action = [this](XrAction* action, const char* name, const char* localized_name,
                                    XrActionType type) -> bool {
    XrActionCreateInfo action_info{XR_TYPE_ACTION_CREATE_INFO};
    CopyOpenXRName(action_info.actionName, XR_MAX_ACTION_NAME_SIZE, name);
    CopyOpenXRName(action_info.localizedActionName, XR_MAX_LOCALIZED_ACTION_NAME_SIZE,
                   localized_name);
    action_info.actionType = type;
    action_info.countSubactionPaths = static_cast<uint32_t>(m_input_hand_paths.size());
    action_info.subactionPaths = m_input_hand_paths.data();

    const XrResult create_result = xrCreateAction(m_input_action_set, &action_info, action);
    if (XR_FAILED(create_result))
    {
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrCreateAction('{}') failed ({}).", name,
                    static_cast<int>(create_result));
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  };

  if (!create_action(&m_action_primary_click, "primary_click", "Primary Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_secondary_click, "secondary_click", "Secondary Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_frame_x_click, "frame_x_click", "X Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_frame_y_click, "frame_y_click", "Y Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_menu_click, "menu_click", "Menu Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_system_click, "system_click", "System Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_view_click, "view_click", "View Button",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_bumper_click, "bumper_click", "Bumper",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_dpad_up_click, "dpad_up_click", "D-Pad Up",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_dpad_down_click, "dpad_down_click", "D-Pad Down",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_dpad_left_click, "dpad_left_click", "D-Pad Left",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_dpad_right_click, "dpad_right_click", "D-Pad Right",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_thumbstick_click, "thumbstick_click", "Thumbstick Click",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_trigger_click, "trigger_click", "Trigger Click",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_squeeze_click, "squeeze_click", "Squeeze Click",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_BOOLEAN_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_trigger_value, "trigger_value", "Trigger Value",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_FLOAT_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_squeeze_value, "squeeze_value", "Squeeze Value",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_FLOAT_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_squeeze_force, "squeeze_force", "Squeeze Force",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_FLOAT_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_thumbstick_x, "thumbstick_x", "Thumbstick X",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_FLOAT_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_thumbstick_y, "thumbstick_y", "Thumbstick Y",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_FLOAT_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_aim_pose, "aim_pose", "Aim Pose", XR_ACTION_TYPE_POSE_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_grip_pose, "grip_pose", "Grip Pose", XR_ACTION_TYPE_POSE_INPUT) ||
      !create_action(&m_action_haptic, "haptic", "Haptic Output",
                     XR_ACTION_TYPE_VIBRATION_OUTPUT))
  {
    DestroyInputActions();
    return false;
  }

  struct BindingDef
  {
    XrAction action = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
    const char* path = nullptr;
  };

  const auto suggest_bindings = [this, &to_path](const char* profile,
                                                 std::initializer_list<BindingDef> defs) {
    const XrPath profile_path = to_path(profile);
    if (profile_path == XR_NULL_PATH)
      return;

    std::vector<XrActionSuggestedBinding> bindings;
    bindings.reserve(defs.size());
    for (const auto& def : defs)
    {
      if (def.action == XR_NULL_HANDLE || def.path == nullptr)
        continue;
      const XrPath binding_path = to_path(def.path);
      if (binding_path == XR_NULL_PATH)
        continue;
      bindings.push_back({def.action, binding_path});
    }

    if (bindings.empty())
      return;

    XrInteractionProfileSuggestedBinding suggested{
        XR_TYPE_INTERACTION_PROFILE_SUGGESTED_BINDING};
    suggested.interactionProfile = profile_path;
    suggested.countSuggestedBindings = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
    suggested.suggestedBindings = bindings.data();
    const XrResult suggest_result = xrSuggestInteractionProfileBindings(m_instance, &suggested);
    if (XR_FAILED(suggest_result))
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: xrSuggestInteractionProfileBindings('{}') failed ({}). "
                   "This profile may not be supported by the active runtime.",
                   profile, static_cast<int>(suggest_result));
    }
    else
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Suggested {} bindings for profile '{}'.",
                   bindings.size(), profile);
    }
  };

  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/khr/simple_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/select/click"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/select/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  // Oculus Touch: NO trigger/click or squeeze/click in spec (only trigger/value + squeeze/value).
  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/oculus/touch_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/x/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/y/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  // Meta Touch Plus (promoted from touch_controller_plus in 1.1): NO trigger/click or squeeze/click.
  // Requires XR_META_touch_controller_plus extension (or 1.1 runtime).
  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_META_TOUCH_CONTROLLER_PLUS_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/meta/touch_plus_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/x/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/y/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  // Meta Touch Controller Plus (Quest 3): NO trigger/click or squeeze/click.
  // Same extension gates both touch_plus_controller and touch_controller_plus.
  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/meta/touch_controller_plus",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/x/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/y/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });
  }  // XR_META_touch_controller_plus

  // Meta Quest 2 controller (1.1 core profile): NO trigger/click or squeeze/click.
  // Available on 1.1 runtimes without extension; will gracefully fail on 1.0.
  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/meta/touch_controller_quest_2",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/x/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/y/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  // Valve Index: has trigger/click but NOT squeeze/click (has squeeze/value + squeeze/force).
  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/valve/index_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_force, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/force"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_force, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/force"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  // ByteDance Pico controllers require XR_BD_controller_interaction extension.
  if (IsExtensionEnabled(XR_BD_CONTROLLER_INTERACTION_EXTENSION_NAME))
  {
  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/bytedance/pico4_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/x/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/y/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/bytedance/pico_neo3_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/x/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/left/input/y/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                       {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_value, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/value"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });
  }  // XR_BD_controller_interaction

  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/microsoft/motion_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                   });

  suggest_bindings("/interaction_profiles/htc/vive_controller",
                   {
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/left/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/trackpad/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/trackpad/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/trackpad/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/menu/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/trackpad/click"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/trackpad/x"},
                       {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/trackpad/y"},
                       {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                       {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/click"},
                       {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                       {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                       {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                        {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                    });

  static constexpr const char* FRAME_CONTROLLER_PROFILE =
      "/interaction_profiles/valve/frame_controller_valve";
  if (IsExtensionEnabled("XR_VALVE_frame_controller_interaction"))
  {
    // Steam Frame exposes its native button layout through this profile. Touch and grip-pose
    // inputs are intentionally not mapped into Dolphin's emulated controller UI.
    suggest_bindings(FRAME_CONTROLLER_PROFILE,
                     {
                         {m_action_primary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/a/click"},
                         {m_action_secondary_click, "/user/hand/right/input/b/click"},
                         {m_action_frame_x_click, "/user/hand/right/input/x/click"},
                         {m_action_frame_y_click, "/user/hand/right/input/y/click"},
                         {m_action_menu_click, "/user/hand/right/input/menu/click"},
                         {m_action_system_click, "/user/hand/left/input/system/click"},
                         {m_action_system_click, "/user/hand/right/input/system/click"},
                         {m_action_view_click, "/user/hand/left/input/view/click"},
                         {m_action_bumper_click, "/user/hand/left/input/bumper/click"},
                         {m_action_bumper_click, "/user/hand/right/input/bumper/click"},
                         {m_action_dpad_up_click, "/user/hand/left/input/dpad_up/click"},
                         {m_action_dpad_down_click, "/user/hand/left/input/dpad_down/click"},
                         {m_action_dpad_left_click, "/user/hand/left/input/dpad_left/click"},
                         {m_action_dpad_right_click, "/user/hand/left/input/dpad_right/click"},
                         {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/click"},
                         {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/x"},
                         {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/left/input/thumbstick/y"},
                         {m_action_thumbstick_click, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/click"},
                         {m_action_thumbstick_x, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/x"},
                         {m_action_thumbstick_y, "/user/hand/right/input/thumbstick/y"},
                         {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/click"},
                         {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/left/input/trigger/value"},
                         {m_action_trigger_click, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/click"},
                         {m_action_trigger_value, "/user/hand/right/input/trigger/value"},
                         {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/left/input/squeeze/click"},
                         {m_action_squeeze_click, "/user/hand/right/input/squeeze/click"},
                         {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/aim/pose"},
                         {m_action_aim_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/aim/pose"},
                         {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/left/input/grip/pose"},
                         {m_action_grip_pose, "/user/hand/right/input/grip/pose"},
                         {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/left/output/haptic"},
                         {m_action_haptic, "/user/hand/right/output/haptic"},
                     });
  }

  XrSessionActionSetsAttachInfo attach_info{XR_TYPE_SESSION_ACTION_SETS_ATTACH_INFO};
  const XrActionSet action_set = m_input_action_set;
  attach_info.countActionSets = 1;
  attach_info.actionSets = &action_set;
  result = xrAttachSessionActionSets(m_session, &attach_info);
  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrAttachSessionActionSets failed ({}).", static_cast<int>(result));
    DestroyInputActions();
    return false;
  }
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrAttachSessionActionSets succeeded.");

  auto create_action_space = [this](XrAction action, XrPath subaction_path, XrSpace* out_space,
                                    const char* label) {
    if (action == XR_NULL_HANDLE || subaction_path == XR_NULL_PATH)
      return;

    XrActionSpaceCreateInfo space_info{XR_TYPE_ACTION_SPACE_CREATE_INFO};
    space_info.action = action;
    space_info.subactionPath = subaction_path;
    space_info.poseInActionSpace = {{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f}, {0.f, 0.f, 0.f}};
    const XrResult space_result = xrCreateActionSpace(m_session, &space_info, out_space);
    if (XR_FAILED(space_result))
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrCreateActionSpace('{}') failed ({}).", label,
                   static_cast<int>(space_result));
    }
  };

  for (size_t hand = 0; hand < m_input_hand_paths.size(); ++hand)
  {
    create_action_space(m_action_aim_pose, m_input_hand_paths[hand], &m_aim_spaces[hand], "aim");
    create_action_space(m_action_grip_pose, m_input_hand_paths[hand], &m_grip_spaces[hand],
                        "grip");
  }

#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Input action system initialized — action set 'baiji_input', "
#else
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Input action system initialized — action set 'dolphin_input', "
#endif
                        "spaces created for both hands.");
  return true;
}

void OpenXRManager::DestroyInputActions()
{
  for (auto& space : m_aim_spaces)
  {
    if (space != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
      xrDestroySpace(space);
    space = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  }
  for (auto& space : m_grip_spaces)
  {
    if (space != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
      xrDestroySpace(space);
    space = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  }

  if (m_input_action_set != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    xrDestroyActionSet(m_input_action_set);
    m_input_action_set = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  }

  m_input_hand_paths = {XR_NULL_PATH, XR_NULL_PATH};
  m_action_primary_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_secondary_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_frame_x_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_frame_y_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_menu_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_system_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_view_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_bumper_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_dpad_up_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_dpad_down_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_dpad_left_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_dpad_right_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_thumbstick_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_trigger_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_squeeze_click = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_trigger_value = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_squeeze_value = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_squeeze_force = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_thumbstick_x = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_thumbstick_y = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_aim_pose = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_grip_pose = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_action_haptic = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
  m_haptics_active = {false, false};
}

void OpenXRManager::ResetInputActionsState()
{
  m_haptics_active = {false, false};
  Common::VR::OpenXRInputState::Reset();
}

void OpenXRManager::SetSessionFocused(bool focused, bool pause_emulation_when_unfocused)
{
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
  // Use the same user preference for OpenXR session focus changes as for Qt window focus.
  pause_emulation_when_unfocused =
      pause_emulation_when_unfocused && Config::Get(Config::MAIN_PAUSE_ON_FOCUS_LOST);
#endif

  Core::System& system = Core::System::GetInstance();
  const Core::State core_state = Core::GetState(system);
  bool pause_emulation = false;
  bool resume_emulation = false;
  {
    std::lock_guard focus_lock(m_session_focus_mutex);
    m_session_focused.store(focused, std::memory_order_release);
    Common::VR::OpenXRInputState::SetSessionFocused(focused);

    if (focused)
    {
      m_focus_loss_pause_attempted = false;
      if (!m_focus_pause_pending && m_emulation_paused_for_focus_loss)
      {
        m_emulation_paused_for_focus_loss = false;
        resume_emulation = true;
      }
    }
    else if (!pause_emulation_when_unfocused)
    {
      m_focus_loss_pause_attempted = false;
      if (m_focus_pause_pending)
      {
        m_resume_after_pending_focus_pause = true;
      }
      else if (m_emulation_paused_for_focus_loss)
      {
        m_emulation_paused_for_focus_loss = false;
        resume_emulation = true;
      }
    }
    else if (!m_focus_loss_pause_attempted && !m_focus_pause_pending)
    {
      if (core_state == Core::State::Paused)
      {
        m_focus_loss_pause_attempted = true;
      }
      else if (core_state == Core::State::Running)
      {
        m_focus_loss_pause_attempted = true;
        m_focus_pause_pending = true;
        m_resume_after_pending_focus_pause = false;
        pause_emulation = true;
      }
    }
  }

  if (resume_emulation)
  {
    if (Core::GetState(system) == Core::State::Paused)
    {
      Core::SetState(system, Core::State::Running);
    }
  }

  if (!pause_emulation)
    return;

  // Do not hold the focus-state mutex while pausing the core. The video thread can
  // report XR_SESSION_NOT_FOCUSED while the XR pacing thread handles the matching
  // session event; Core::SetState may wait for that video thread to reach a safe point.
  Core::SetState(system, Core::State::Paused);
  const bool core_is_paused = Core::GetState(system) == Core::State::Paused;
  bool resume_after_pause = false;
  {
    std::lock_guard focus_lock(m_session_focus_mutex);
    m_focus_pause_pending = false;
    resume_after_pause = core_is_paused &&
                         (m_session_focused.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ||
                          m_resume_after_pending_focus_pause);
    m_resume_after_pending_focus_pause = false;
    m_emulation_paused_for_focus_loss = core_is_paused && !resume_after_pause;
    if (resume_after_pause)
      m_focus_loss_pause_attempted = false;
  }

  if (core_is_paused && resume_after_pause)
    Core::SetState(system, Core::State::Running);
}

void OpenXRManager::UpdateHaptics()
{
  if (!m_session_running || m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_action_haptic == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    return;

  const auto haptics = Common::VR::OpenXRInputState::GetHaptics();

  // Re-send short pulses while active to approximate continuous rumble.
  constexpr XrDuration vibration_duration_ns = 50'000'000;

  for (size_t hand = 0; hand < m_input_hand_paths.size(); ++hand)
  {
    const XrPath hand_path = m_input_hand_paths[hand];
    if (hand_path == XR_NULL_PATH)
      continue;

    const float amplitude = std::clamp(haptics.amplitude[hand], 0.0f, 1.0f);

    XrHapticActionInfo action_info{XR_TYPE_HAPTIC_ACTION_INFO};
    action_info.action = m_action_haptic;
    action_info.subactionPath = hand_path;

    if (amplitude > 0.001f)
    {
      XrHapticVibration vibration{XR_TYPE_HAPTIC_VIBRATION};
      vibration.amplitude = amplitude;
      vibration.frequency = XR_FREQUENCY_UNSPECIFIED;
      vibration.duration = vibration_duration_ns;

      xrApplyHapticFeedback(
          m_session, &action_info, reinterpret_cast<const XrHapticBaseHeader*>(&vibration));
      m_haptics_active[hand] = true;
    }
    else if (m_haptics_active[hand])
    {
      xrStopHapticFeedback(m_session, &action_info);
      m_haptics_active[hand] = false;
    }
  }
}

XrTime OpenXRManager::GetInputSampleTime()
{
  const XrTime display_time = m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime;
#if defined(_WIN32)
  if (!IsExtensionEnabled(XR_KHR_WIN32_CONVERT_PERFORMANCE_COUNTER_TIME_EXTENSION_NAME))
    return display_time;
  if (!m_pfn_convert_now_to_time)
  {
    xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "xrConvertWin32PerformanceCounterToTimeKHR",
                          &m_pfn_convert_now_to_time);
  }
  if (m_pfn_convert_now_to_time)
  {
    LARGE_INTEGER qpc{};
    QueryPerformanceCounter(&qpc);
    XrTime now_time = 0;
    if (XR_SUCCEEDED(reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrConvertWin32PerformanceCounterToTimeKHR>(
            m_pfn_convert_now_to_time)(m_instance, &qpc, &now_time)) &&
        now_time > 0)
    {
      return std::min(display_time, now_time);
    }
  }
#elif defined(ANDROID)
  if (!IsExtensionEnabled(XR_KHR_CONVERT_TIMESPEC_TIME_EXTENSION_NAME))
    return display_time;
  if (!m_pfn_convert_now_to_time)
  {
    xrGetInstanceProcAddr(m_instance, "xrConvertTimespecTimeToTimeKHR",
                          &m_pfn_convert_now_to_time);
  }
  if (m_pfn_convert_now_to_time)
  {
    timespec ts{};
    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
    XrTime now_time = 0;
    if (XR_SUCCEEDED(reinterpret_cast<PFN_xrConvertTimespecTimeToTimeKHR>(
            m_pfn_convert_now_to_time)(m_instance, &ts, &now_time)) &&
        now_time > 0)
    {
      return std::min(display_time, now_time);
    }
  }
#endif
  return display_time;
}

void OpenXRManager::UpdateInputActions()
{
  if (!m_session_running || m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_input_action_set == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    ResetInputActionsState();
    return;
  }

  const XrActiveActionSet active_action_set{m_input_action_set, XR_NULL_PATH};
  XrActionsSyncInfo sync_info{XR_TYPE_ACTIONS_SYNC_INFO};
  sync_info.countActiveActionSets = 1;
  sync_info.activeActionSets = &active_action_set;
  const XrResult sync_result = xrSyncActions(m_session, &sync_info);
  if (sync_result == XR_SESSION_NOT_FOCUSED)
  {
    // XR_SESSION_NOT_FOCUSED is a success code but means input is inactive.
    // Don't reset state — keep previous connected status to avoid flicker in UI.
    SetSessionFocused(false);
    return;
  }
  if (XR_FAILED(sync_result))
  {
    ResetInputActionsState();
    return;
  }
  SetSessionFocused(true);

  std::array<Common::VR::OpenXRControllerState, 2> controllers{};
  std::array<bool, 2> actions_active{};

  // Rendering-coupled consumers (Controller Anchor) need poses at the predicted display
  // time so anchored elements stay glued to the rendered frame; pure input consumers (the
  // Wii pointer, motion) want measured poses at "now" — prediction extrapolates fast
  // controller motion several frames ahead and sprays the aim ray.
  const XrTime input_time = GetInputSampleTime();

  const auto locate_space_state = [this](XrSpace space, XrTime time,
                                         Common::VR::OpenXRPoseState* pose_state,
                                         Common::VR::OpenXRVelocityState* velocity_state) {
    if (space == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_reference_space == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
      return;

    XrSpaceVelocity velocity{XR_TYPE_SPACE_VELOCITY};
    XrSpaceLocation location{XR_TYPE_SPACE_LOCATION};
    location.next = &velocity;

    if (XR_FAILED(xrLocateSpace(space, m_reference_space, time, &location)))
    {
      return;
    }

    constexpr XrSpaceLocationFlags required_flags = XR_SPACE_LOCATION_POSITION_VALID_BIT |
                                                    XR_SPACE_LOCATION_ORIENTATION_VALID_BIT;
    pose_state->valid = (location.locationFlags & required_flags) == required_flags;
    if (pose_state->valid)
    {
      pose_state->position = {location.pose.position.x, location.pose.position.y,
                              location.pose.position.z};
      pose_state->orientation = {location.pose.orientation.x, location.pose.orientation.y,
                                 location.pose.orientation.z, location.pose.orientation.w};
    }

    if (velocity_state)
    {
      velocity_state->linear_valid =
          (velocity.velocityFlags & XR_SPACE_VELOCITY_LINEAR_VALID_BIT) != 0;
      if (velocity_state->linear_valid)
      {
        velocity_state->linear = {velocity.linearVelocity.x, velocity.linearVelocity.y,
                                  velocity.linearVelocity.z};
      }

      velocity_state->angular_valid =
          (velocity.velocityFlags & XR_SPACE_VELOCITY_ANGULAR_VALID_BIT) != 0;
      if (velocity_state->angular_valid)
      {
        velocity_state->angular = {velocity.angularVelocity.x, velocity.angularVelocity.y,
                                   velocity.angularVelocity.z};
      }
    }
  };

  for (size_t hand = 0; hand < controllers.size(); ++hand)
  {
    const XrPath hand_path = m_input_hand_paths[hand];
    auto& controller = controllers[hand];

    XrInteractionProfileState interaction_profile_state{XR_TYPE_INTERACTION_PROFILE_STATE};
    if (hand_path != XR_NULL_PATH &&
        XR_SUCCEEDED(xrGetCurrentInteractionProfile(m_session, hand_path, &interaction_profile_state)) &&
        interaction_profile_state.interactionProfile != m_logged_interaction_profiles[hand])
    {
      m_logged_interaction_profiles[hand] = interaction_profile_state.interactionProfile;
      const std::string profile_string =
          PathToString(m_instance, interaction_profile_state.interactionProfile);
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Hand {} interaction profile: {}",
                   hand == 0 ? "left" : "right",
                   profile_string.empty() ? "<none>" : profile_string);
    }

    bool action_seen = false;
    const auto get_boolean = [this, hand_path, &action_seen](XrAction action) -> bool {
      XrActionStateGetInfo get_info{XR_TYPE_ACTION_STATE_GET_INFO};
      get_info.action = action;
      get_info.subactionPath = hand_path;
      XrActionStateBoolean state{XR_TYPE_ACTION_STATE_BOOLEAN};
      if (XR_FAILED(xrGetActionStateBoolean(m_session, &get_info, &state)))
        return false;
      action_seen |= (state.isActive == XR_TRUE);
      return state.currentState == XR_TRUE;
    };

    const auto get_float = [this, hand_path, &action_seen](XrAction action) -> float {
      XrActionStateGetInfo get_info{XR_TYPE_ACTION_STATE_GET_INFO};
      get_info.action = action;
      get_info.subactionPath = hand_path;
      XrActionStateFloat state{XR_TYPE_ACTION_STATE_FLOAT};
      if (XR_FAILED(xrGetActionStateFloat(m_session, &get_info, &state)))
        return 0.0f;
      action_seen |= (state.isActive == XR_TRUE);
      return state.currentState;
    };

    controller.primary_button = get_boolean(m_action_primary_click);
    controller.secondary_button = get_boolean(m_action_secondary_click);
    controller.frame_x_button = get_boolean(m_action_frame_x_click);
    controller.frame_y_button = get_boolean(m_action_frame_y_click);
    controller.menu_button = get_boolean(m_action_menu_click);
    controller.system_button = get_boolean(m_action_system_click);
    controller.view_button = get_boolean(m_action_view_click);
    controller.bumper_button = get_boolean(m_action_bumper_click);
    controller.dpad_up = get_boolean(m_action_dpad_up_click);
    controller.dpad_down = get_boolean(m_action_dpad_down_click);
    controller.dpad_left = get_boolean(m_action_dpad_left_click);
    controller.dpad_right = get_boolean(m_action_dpad_right_click);
    controller.thumbstick_button = get_boolean(m_action_thumbstick_click);

    const bool trigger_click = get_boolean(m_action_trigger_click);
    const bool squeeze_click = get_boolean(m_action_squeeze_click);

    controller.trigger_value = std::clamp(get_float(m_action_trigger_value), 0.0f, 1.0f);
    controller.squeeze_value = std::clamp(get_float(m_action_squeeze_value), 0.0f, 1.0f);
    controller.squeeze_force = std::clamp(get_float(m_action_squeeze_force), 0.0f, 1.0f);
    controller.thumbstick_x = std::clamp(get_float(m_action_thumbstick_x), -1.0f, 1.0f);
    controller.thumbstick_y = std::clamp(get_float(m_action_thumbstick_y), -1.0f, 1.0f);

    locate_space_state(m_aim_spaces[hand], m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime,
                       &controller.aim_pose, nullptr);
    locate_space_state(m_grip_spaces[hand], input_time, &controller.grip_pose,
                       &controller.grip_velocity);

    // Absolute pointing target for the emulated Wii Remote IR: where the aim ray meets
    // the virtual screen the renderer is actually displaying. Uses a dedicated measured
    // "now" locate of the aim pose — the display-time aim above stays reserved for the
    // Controller Anchor, which must match the rendered frame.
    Common::VR::OpenXRPoseState input_aim;
    locate_space_state(m_aim_spaces[hand], input_time, &input_aim, nullptr);
    ComputeVirtualScreenHit(input_aim.valid ? input_aim : controller.aim_pose,
                            &controller.screen_hit);

    controller.trigger_button = trigger_click || controller.trigger_value > 0.5f;
    controller.squeeze_button =
        squeeze_click || std::max(controller.squeeze_value, controller.squeeze_force) > 0.5f;
    actions_active[hand] = action_seen;
    controller.connected = action_seen || controller.aim_pose.valid || controller.grip_pose.valid;
  }

  // Throttled periodic diagnostic log (~every 5 seconds at 60fps).
  static uint64_t s_sync_log_counter = 0;
  if ((++s_sync_log_counter % 300) == 1)
  {
    const auto& left = controllers[0];
    const auto& right = controllers[1];
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR input: sync={} focused={} "
                 "L{{connected={} active={} profile={} buttons=[A={},B={},X={},Y={},menu={},"
                 "system={},view={},bumper={},dpad={}/{}/{}/{}] trigger={:.2f} squeeze={:.2f} "
                 "stick=({:.2f},{:.2f})}} "
                 "R{{connected={} active={} profile={} buttons=[A={},B={},X={},Y={},menu={},"
                 "system={}] trigger={:.2f} squeeze={:.2f} stick=({:.2f},{:.2f})}}",
                 static_cast<int>(sync_result), m_session_focused.load(), left.connected,
                 actions_active[0], PathToString(m_instance, m_logged_interaction_profiles[0]),
                 left.primary_button, left.secondary_button, left.frame_x_button, left.frame_y_button,
                 left.menu_button, left.system_button, left.view_button, left.bumper_button,
                 left.dpad_up, left.dpad_down, left.dpad_left, left.dpad_right,
                 left.trigger_value, left.squeeze_value, left.thumbstick_x, left.thumbstick_y,
                 right.connected, actions_active[1],
                 PathToString(m_instance, m_logged_interaction_profiles[1]), right.primary_button,
                 right.secondary_button, right.frame_x_button, right.frame_y_button,
                 right.menu_button, right.system_button, right.trigger_value, right.squeeze_value,
                 right.thumbstick_x, right.thumbstick_y);
  }

  // Provide the HMD center pose for IR pointing and world-locked UI placement. Eye orientations
  // are effectively identical; average the positions to remove the left-eye IPD offset.
  Common::VR::OpenXRPoseState head_pose;
  if (m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.w != 0.0f || m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.x != 0.0f ||
      m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.y != 0.0f || m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.z != 0.0f)
  {
    head_pose.valid = true;
    head_pose.orientation = {m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.x,
                             m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.y,
                             m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.z,
                             m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.w};
    head_pose.position = {(m_eye_views[0].pose.position.x + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.x) * 0.5f,
                          (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.y + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.y) * 0.5f,
                          (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.z + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.z) * 0.5f};
  }

  std::array<std::string, 2> profile_strings;
  for (size_t hand = 0; hand < 2; ++hand)
    profile_strings[hand] = PathToString(m_instance, m_logged_interaction_profiles[hand]);

  Common::VR::OpenXRInputState::SetControllers(controllers, true, head_pose,
                                               profile_strings, m_session_focused,
                                               input_time);
  UpdateStopConfirmationInput(controllers);

  UpdateHaptics();
}

void OpenXRManager::UpdateStopConfirmationInput(
    const std::array<Common::VR::OpenXRControllerState, 2>& controllers)
{
  if (!m_stop_confirmation_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ||
      m_stop_confirmation_result.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
          OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Pending)
    return;

  const auto& right = controllers[1];
  const bool primary = right.primary_button;
  const bool secondary = right.secondary_button;
  const bool neutral = std::ranges::all_of(controllers, [](const auto& controller) {
    return !controller.primary_button && !controller.secondary_button && !controller.frame_x_button &&
           !controller.frame_y_button && !controller.menu_button && !controller.system_button &&
           !controller.view_button && !controller.bumper_button && !controller.dpad_up &&
           !controller.dpad_down && !controller.dpad_left && !controller.dpad_right &&
           !controller.trigger_button && !controller.squeeze_button && !controller.thumbstick_button &&
           controller.trigger_value <= 0.2f && controller.squeeze_value <= 0.2f &&
           std::abs(controller.thumbstick_x) <= 0.2f && std::abs(controller.thumbstick_y) <= 0.2f;
  });

  std::lock_guard lock(m_stop_confirmation_input_mutex);
  if (!m_stop_confirmation_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ||
      m_stop_confirmation_result.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
          OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Pending)
  {
    return;
  }
  if (!m_stop_confirmation_armed)
  {
    if (!neutral)
    {
      m_stop_confirmation_neutral_since.reset();
    }
    else if (!m_stop_confirmation_neutral_since)
    {
      m_stop_confirmation_neutral_since = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    }
    else if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - *m_stop_confirmation_neutral_since >=
             std::chrono::milliseconds(150))
    {
      m_stop_confirmation_armed = true;
    }
    m_stop_confirmation_previous_primary = primary;
    m_stop_confirmation_previous_secondary = secondary;
    return;
  }

  const bool primary_pressed = primary && !m_stop_confirmation_previous_primary;
  const bool secondary_pressed = secondary && !m_stop_confirmation_previous_secondary;
  m_stop_confirmation_previous_primary = primary;
  m_stop_confirmation_previous_secondary = secondary;

  if (primary_pressed && !secondary_pressed)
    m_stop_confirmation_result.store(OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Stop,
                                     std::memory_order_release);
  else if (secondary_pressed && !primary_pressed)
    m_stop_confirmation_result.store(OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Continue,
                                     std::memory_order_release);
}

bool OpenXRManager::CreateReferenceSpace()
{
  XrReferenceSpaceCreateInfo space_info{XR_TYPE_REFERENCE_SPACE_CREATE_INFO};
  // Identity pose: origin at (0,0,0), no rotation.
  space_info.poseInReferenceSpace = {{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f}, {0.f, 0.f, 0.f}};

  const OpenXRReferenceSpaceMode reference_space_mode = g_ActiveConfig.vr_reference_space_mode;
  const XrReferenceSpaceType requested_type =
      reference_space_mode == OpenXRReferenceSpaceMode::Local ? XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_LOCAL :
                                                                XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_STAGE;

  space_info.referenceSpaceType = requested_type;
  XrResult result = xrCreateReferenceSpace(m_session, &space_info, &m_reference_space);
  if (XR_FAILED(result) && requested_type == XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_STAGE)
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: STAGE reference space unavailable for default VR position mode; "
                 "falling back to LOCAL.");
    space_info.referenceSpaceType = XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_LOCAL;
    result = xrCreateReferenceSpace(m_session, &space_info, &m_reference_space);
  }

  if (XR_FAILED(result))
  {
    char result_string[XR_MAX_RESULT_STRING_SIZE]{};
    xrResultToString(m_instance, result, result_string);
    ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrCreateReferenceSpace({}) failed: {}",
                  ReferenceSpaceTypeName(space_info.referenceSpaceType), result_string);
    return false;
  }

  m_reference_space_type = space_info.referenceSpaceType;
  m_home_set = false;
  m_home_position = {0.f, 0.f, 0.f};
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Created {} reference space.",
               ReferenceSpaceTypeName(m_reference_space_type));
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::PollEvents()
{
  XrEventDataBuffer event{XR_TYPE_EVENT_DATA_BUFFER};

  while (xrPollEvent(m_instance, &event) == XR_SUCCESS)
  {
    switch (event.type)
    {
    case XR_TYPE_EVENT_DATA_SESSION_STATE_CHANGED:
    {
      const auto& ev = *reinterpret_cast<const XrEventDataSessionStateChanged*>(&event);
      HandleSessionStateChange(ev.state);
      break;
    }
    case XR_TYPE_EVENT_DATA_INSTANCE_LOSS_PENDING:
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Instance loss pending — stopping VR.");
      m_exit_render_loop = true;
      ResetInputActionsState();
      return false;

    case XR_TYPE_EVENT_DATA_REFERENCE_SPACE_CHANGE_PENDING:
    {
      const auto& ev = *reinterpret_cast<const XrEventDataReferenceSpaceChangePending*>(&event);
      const float delta_yaw = ev.poseValid ? QuaternionYawDegrees(ev.poseInPreviousSpace.orientation)
                                           : 0.0f;
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                   "OpenXR: Reference space change pending (type={}, pose_valid={}, delta "
                   "yaw={:.2f}deg) — re-anchoring flat screen to current head pose.",
                   ReferenceSpaceTypeName(ev.referenceSpaceType),
                   ev.poseValid == XR_TRUE, delta_yaw);
      // The runtime rebased the reference space (system recenter, universe switch,
      // relocalization). Defer cache invalidation until LocateViews has refreshed m_eye_views
      // in the new reference-space frame; invalidating here lets the XR thread immediately
      // recache a pose from the old video-thread view snapshot.
      m_flat_screen_reanchor_pending.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
      break;
    }

    default:
      break;
    }

    // Reset for next poll.
    event = {XR_TYPE_EVENT_DATA_BUFFER};
  }

  return !m_exit_render_loop;
}

void OpenXRManager::HandleSessionStateChange(XrSessionState new_state)
{
  const char* state_name = "UNKNOWN";
  switch (new_state)
  {
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_UNKNOWN: state_name = "UNKNOWN"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_IDLE: state_name = "IDLE"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_READY: state_name = "READY"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_SYNCHRONIZED: state_name = "SYNCHRONIZED"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_VISIBLE: state_name = "VISIBLE"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_FOCUSED: state_name = "FOCUSED"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_STOPPING: state_name = "STOPPING"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_LOSS_PENDING: state_name = "LOSS_PENDING"; break;
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_EXITING: state_name = "EXITING"; break;
  default: break;
  }
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Session state -> {} ({})", state_name, static_cast<int>(new_state));
  m_session_state = new_state;

  switch (new_state)
  {
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_READY:
  {
    XrSessionBeginInfo begin_info{XR_TYPE_SESSION_BEGIN_INFO};
    begin_info.primaryViewConfigurationType = XR_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_TYPE_PRIMARY_STEREO;
    if (XR_SUCCEEDED(xrBeginSession(m_session, &begin_info)))
    {
      m_session_running = true;
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Session running.");
      if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_requested_refresh_rate > 0)
      {
        RequestDisplayRefreshRate(static_cast<float>(g_ActiveConfig.vr_requested_refresh_rate));
      }
#if defined(ANDROID)
      // Quest 3/3S expose the extra sustained CPU level through the manifest
      // CPU-for-GPU trade hint. Request sustained high when the session starts,
      // then re-issue after FOCUSED below for runtimes that defer perf changes.
      RequestAndroidHighPerformanceLevel();
#endif
    }
    else
    {
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrBeginSession failed.");
    }
    break;
  }
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_SYNCHRONIZED:
    SetSessionFocused(false);
    break;

  case XR_SESSION_STATE_VISIBLE:
    SetSessionFocused(false);
    break;

  case XR_SESSION_STATE_FOCUSED:
    SetSessionFocused(true);
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Session FOCUSED — controller input is now active.");
#if defined(ANDROID)
    // Meta Quest may ignore perf settings before the session is FOCUSED. Re-issue
    // here so the sustained-high request is applied to the active immersive app.
    RequestAndroidHighPerformanceLevel();
#endif
    break;

  case XR_SESSION_STATE_STOPPING:
  {
    const XrResult end_result = xrEndSession(m_session);
    if (XR_FAILED(end_result))
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrEndSession failed in STOPPING state ({}).",
                   static_cast<int>(end_result));
    }
    m_session_running = false;
    SetSessionFocused(false, false);
    ResetInputActionsState();
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Session stopped.");
    break;
  }

  case XR_SESSION_STATE_LOSS_PENDING:
  case XR_SESSION_STATE_EXITING:
    m_exit_render_loop = true;
    m_session_running = false;
    SetSessionFocused(false, false);
    ResetInputActionsState();
    break;

  default:
    break;
  }
}

bool OpenXRManager::WaitFrame()
{
  XrFrameWaitInfo wait_info{XR_TYPE_FRAME_WAIT_INFO};
  m_frame_state = {XR_TYPE_FRAME_STATE};
  XR_CHECK(xrWaitFrame(m_session, &wait_info, &m_frame_state));

  // Cross-thread snapshots: LocateViews/blit gating on the video thread read these
  // while the pacing thread owns m_frame_state itself.
  m_predicted_display_time_snapshot.store(m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime,
                                          std::memory_order_release);
  m_predicted_display_period_snapshot.store(m_frame_state.predictedDisplayPeriod,
                                            std::memory_order_release);
  m_should_render_snapshot.store(m_frame_state.shouldRender == XR_TRUE,
                                 std::memory_order_release);

  if (m_startup_display_refresh_rate_hz <= 0.0f && m_frame_state.predictedDisplayPeriod > 0)
  {
    constexpr double ns_per_second = 1000000000.0;
    SetStartupDisplayRefreshRate(
        static_cast<float>(ns_per_second /
                           static_cast<double>(m_frame_state.predictedDisplayPeriod)),
        "first xrWaitFrame predicted display period");
  }

  if (m_last_predicted_display_time != 0 &&
      m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime > m_last_predicted_display_time)
  {
    const XrTime delta = m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime - m_last_predicted_display_time;
    constexpr double ns_to_ms = 1.0 / 1000000.0;
    const double delta_ms = static_cast<double>(delta) * ns_to_ms;
    if (delta_ms > 0.5 && delta_ms < 50.0)
    {
      const double prev = m_estimated_display_period_ms.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
      m_estimated_display_period_ms.store(
          prev <= 0.0 ? delta_ms : (prev * 0.75) + (delta_ms * 0.25), std::memory_order_release);
    }
  }

  m_last_predicted_display_time = m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime;
  UpdateInputActions();
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::BeginFrame()
{
  if (m_swapchain && !m_swapchain->WaitForPendingFrameFinalization("before xrBeginFrame"))
    return false;

  XrFrameBeginInfo begin_info{XR_TYPE_FRAME_BEGIN_INFO};
  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> queue_lock;
    if (m_swapchain)
      queue_lock = m_swapchain->AcquireGraphicsQueueLock();
    const XrResult begin_result = xrBeginFrame(m_session, &begin_info);
    if (XR_FAILED(begin_result))
    {
      char buf[XR_MAX_RESULT_STRING_SIZE]{};
      xrResultToString(m_instance, begin_result, buf);
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrBeginFrame failed: {}", buf);
      return false;
    }
  }
  m_frame_begun.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::SupportsAlphaBlend() const
{
  return std::find(m_supported_blend_modes.begin(), m_supported_blend_modes.end(),
                   XR_ENVIRONMENT_BLEND_MODE_ALPHA_BLEND) != m_supported_blend_modes.end();
}

bool OpenXRManager::IsFBPassthroughUsable() const
{
  return m_xrCreatePassthroughFB != nullptr && m_system_supports_fb_passthrough;
}

bool OpenXRManager::SupportsPassthrough() const
{
  return IsFBPassthroughUsable() || SupportsAlphaBlend();
}

XrEnvironmentBlendMode OpenXRManager::GetActiveBlendMode() const
{
  // XR_FB_passthrough composites its own layer behind an OPAQUE projection layer, so
  // ALPHA_BLEND is only the fallback for runtimes without the extension.
  if (g_ActiveConfig.VRPassthroughBackgroundEnabled() && !IsFBPassthroughUsable() &&
      SupportsAlphaBlend())
    return XR_ENVIRONMENT_BLEND_MODE_ALPHA_BLEND;
  return XR_ENVIRONMENT_BLEND_MODE_OPAQUE;
}

XrCompositionLayerFlags OpenXRManager::GetProjectionLayerExtraFlags() const
{
  // Per-pixel alpha lets the compositor reveal whatever sits behind the projection layer
  // (the FB passthrough layer, or the real world in an ALPHA_BLEND environment).
  if (g_ActiveConfig.VRPassthroughEnabled() && SupportsPassthrough())
  {
    return XR_COMPOSITION_LAYER_BLEND_TEXTURE_SOURCE_ALPHA_BIT |
           XR_COMPOSITION_LAYER_UNPREMULTIPLIED_ALPHA_BIT;
  }
  return 0;
}

void OpenXRManager::UpdateFBPassthrough(bool enable)
{
  if (!IsFBPassthroughUsable() || m_session == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    return;

  if (enable && m_fb_passthrough == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    if (m_fb_passthrough_create_failed)
      return;

    XrPassthroughCreateInfoFB create_info{XR_TYPE_PASSTHROUGH_CREATE_INFO_FB};
    create_info.flags = XR_PASSTHROUGH_IS_RUNNING_AT_CREATION_BIT_FB;
    XrResult result = m_xrCreatePassthroughFB(m_session, &create_info, &m_fb_passthrough);
    if (XR_FAILED(result))
    {
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                    "OpenXR: xrCreatePassthroughFB failed ({}). Check that passthrough is "
                    "allowed in the headset settings (and 'Passthrough over Meta Horizon "
                    "Link' for Link).",
                    static_cast<int>(result));
      m_fb_passthrough = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
      m_fb_passthrough_create_failed = true;
      OSD::AddMessage("Passthrough disabled: the OpenXR runtime rejected passthrough creation.",
                      OSD::Duration::VERY_LONG);
      Config::SetBaseOrCurrent(Config::GFX_VR_PASSTHROUGH, false);
      g_ActiveConfig.vr_passthrough = false;
      return;
    }

    XrPassthroughLayerCreateInfoFB layer_info{XR_TYPE_PASSTHROUGH_LAYER_CREATE_INFO_FB};
    layer_info.passthrough = m_fb_passthrough;
    layer_info.flags = XR_PASSTHROUGH_IS_RUNNING_AT_CREATION_BIT_FB;
    layer_info.purpose = XR_PASSTHROUGH_LAYER_PURPOSE_RECONSTRUCTION_FB;
    result = m_xrCreatePassthroughLayerFB(m_session, &layer_info, &m_fb_passthrough_layer);
    if (XR_FAILED(result))
    {
      ERROR_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: xrCreatePassthroughLayerFB failed ({}).",
                    static_cast<int>(result));
      m_xrDestroyPassthroughFB(m_fb_passthrough);
      m_fb_passthrough = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
      m_fb_passthrough_layer = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
      m_fb_passthrough_create_failed = true;
      OSD::AddMessage("Passthrough disabled: the OpenXR runtime rejected the passthrough layer.",
                      OSD::Duration::VERY_LONG);
      Config::SetBaseOrCurrent(Config::GFX_VR_PASSTHROUGH, false);
      g_ActiveConfig.vr_passthrough = false;
      return;
    }

    m_fb_passthrough_running = true;
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_passthrough feed started.");
    return;
  }

  if (m_fb_passthrough == XR_NULL_HANDLE || m_fb_passthrough_layer == XR_NULL_HANDLE)
    return;

  if (enable && !m_fb_passthrough_running)
  {
    const XrResult start_result = m_xrPassthroughStartFB(m_fb_passthrough);
    const XrResult resume_result = m_xrPassthroughLayerResumeFB(m_fb_passthrough_layer);
    m_fb_passthrough_running = XR_SUCCEEDED(start_result) && XR_SUCCEEDED(resume_result);
    if (m_fb_passthrough_running)
    {
      INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_passthrough feed resumed.");
    }
    else
    {
      WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Failed to resume XR_FB_passthrough (start={} resume={}).",
                   static_cast<int>(start_result), static_cast<int>(resume_result));
      if (!m_fb_passthrough_create_failed)
      {
        m_fb_passthrough_create_failed = true;
        OSD::AddMessage("Passthrough disabled: the OpenXR runtime stopped passthrough support.",
                        OSD::Duration::VERY_LONG);
        Config::SetBaseOrCurrent(Config::GFX_VR_PASSTHROUGH, false);
        g_ActiveConfig.vr_passthrough = false;
      }
    }
  }
  else if (!enable && m_fb_passthrough_running)
  {
    m_xrPassthroughLayerPauseFB(m_fb_passthrough_layer);
    m_xrPassthroughPauseFB(m_fb_passthrough);
    m_fb_passthrough_running = false;
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: XR_FB_passthrough feed paused.");
  }
}

void OpenXRManager::DestroyFBPassthrough()
{
  if (m_fb_passthrough_layer != XR_NULL_HANDLE && m_xrDestroyPassthroughLayerFB != nullptr)
    m_xrDestroyPassthroughLayerFB(m_fb_passthrough_layer);
  m_fb_passthrough_layer = XR_NULL_HANDLE;

  if (m_fb_passthrough != XR_NULL_HANDLE && m_xrDestroyPassthroughFB != nullptr)
    m_xrDestroyPassthroughFB(m_fb_passthrough);
  m_fb_passthrough = XR_NULL_HANDLE;

  m_fb_passthrough_running = false;
  m_fb_passthrough_create_failed = false;
}

bool OpenXRManager::BeginStopConfirmation(std::string_view text)
{
  if (!m_swapchain || !m_session_running.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ||
      m_stop_confirmation_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire))
  {
    return false;
  }

  const uint32_t game_layer_count = g_ActiveConfig.vr_stereo_screen ? 2 : 1;
  const bool passthrough_requested = m_fb_passthrough_layer != XR_NULL_HANDLE &&
                                     g_ActiveConfig.vr_passthrough;
  const uint32_t required_layer_count = game_layer_count + (passthrough_requested ? 1 : 0) + 1;
  if (m_max_layer_count < required_layer_count)
  {
    WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Stop confirmation requires {} composition layers, but the runtime "
                 "supports {}.",
                 required_layer_count, m_max_layer_count);
    return false;
  }

  if (!m_swapchain->PrepareStopConfirmationLayer(text))
    return false;

  {
    std::lock_guard lock(m_stop_confirmation_input_mutex);
    m_stop_confirmation_neutral_since.reset();
    m_stop_confirmation_armed = false;
    m_stop_confirmation_previous_primary = false;
    m_stop_confirmation_previous_secondary = false;
  }
  m_stop_confirmation_result.store(OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Pending,
                                   std::memory_order_release);
  m_stop_confirmation_active.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
  {
    std::lock_guard lock(m_publish_mutex);
    m_publish_cv.notify_all();
  }
  return true;
}

void OpenXRManager::EndStopConfirmation()
{
  m_stop_confirmation_active.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  m_stop_confirmation_result.store(OpenXRStopConfirmationResult::Idle,
                                   std::memory_order_release);
  {
    std::lock_guard lock(m_stop_confirmation_input_mutex);
    m_stop_confirmation_neutral_since.reset();
    m_stop_confirmation_armed = false;
    m_stop_confirmation_previous_primary = false;
    m_stop_confirmation_previous_secondary = false;
  }
}

bool OpenXRManager::EndPreparedFrameForPacingThread()
{
  if (!m_frame_begun.load(std::memory_order_acquire))
    return true;

  PublishedXRFrame last_frame;
  {
    std::lock_guard lock(m_publish_mutex);
    last_frame = m_published_frame;
  }

  XrCompositionLayerProjection projection_layer{XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_PROJECTION};
  std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*> layers;
  if (last_frame.valid)
  {
    if (last_frame.is_quad)
    {
      layers.push_back(reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&last_frame.quad));
    }
    else if (last_frame.is_stereo_quad)
    {
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < last_frame.stereo_quad_count; ++i)
      {
        layers.push_back(
            reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&last_frame.stereo_quads[i]));
      }
    }
    else
    {
      projection_layer.layerFlags = last_frame.layer_flags;
      projection_layer.space = m_reference_space;
      projection_layer.viewCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(last_frame.views.size());
      projection_layer.views = last_frame.views.data();
      layers.push_back(reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&projection_layer));
    }
  }

  return EndFrameDetached(m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime, GetActiveBlendMode(),
                          m_frame_state.shouldRender == XR_TRUE, layers);
}

bool OpenXRManager::EndFrame(const std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>& layers)
{
  CacheSubmittedFrame(layers);
  return EndFrameDetached(m_frame_state.predictedDisplayTime, GetActiveBlendMode(),
                          m_frame_state.shouldRender == XR_TRUE, layers);
}

bool OpenXRManager::EndFrameDetached(XrTime display_time,
                                     XrEnvironmentBlendMode environment_blend_mode,
                                     bool should_render,
                                     const std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>& layers,
                                     bool lock_graphics_queue)
{
  const bool session_focused = m_session_focused.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
#ifdef BAIJI_STEAMVR
  const bool application_focused = Host_RendererHasFocus();
  const bool can_submit_layers = should_render && application_focused;
#else
  constexpr bool application_focused = true;
  const bool can_submit_layers = should_render && session_focused;
#endif
  const bool passthrough_requested =
      g_ActiveConfig.VRPassthroughBackgroundEnabled() && m_swapchain != nullptr &&
      session_focused && application_focused;
  // Keep the FB passthrough feed in sync with the Passthrough setting. Gated on a
  // registered swapchain so the controller-binding utility session never starts it.
  UpdateFBPassthrough(passthrough_requested);

  // The passthrough layer composites first (behind the projection layer), replacing the
  // black void with the camera feed wherever the projection layer's alpha is 0.
  std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*> submit_layers;
  submit_layers.reserve(layers.size() + 2);
  if (can_submit_layers && m_fb_passthrough_running && m_fb_passthrough_layer != XR_NULL_HANDLE)
  {
    m_fb_passthrough_composition_layer = {XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_PASSTHROUGH_FB};
    m_fb_passthrough_composition_layer.flags = XR_COMPOSITION_LAYER_BLEND_TEXTURE_SOURCE_ALPHA_BIT;
    m_fb_passthrough_composition_layer.space = XR_NULL_HANDLE;
    m_fb_passthrough_composition_layer.layerHandle = m_fb_passthrough_layer;
    submit_layers.push_back(
        reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&m_fb_passthrough_composition_layer));
  }
  if (can_submit_layers)
    submit_layers.insert(submit_layers.end(), layers.begin(), layers.end());
  if (can_submit_layers && m_stop_confirmation_active.load(std::memory_order_acquire) &&
      m_swapchain != nullptr)
  {
    if (XrCompositionLayerQuad* confirmation_layer = m_swapchain->GetStopConfirmationLayer())
    {
      if (submit_layers.size() < m_max_layer_count)
      {
        // Composition layers are submitted in stack order. Keeping this quad last makes the
        // prompt independent of the game's depth buffer and visible over the scene.
        submit_layers.push_back(
            reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(confirmation_layer));
      }
      else
      {
        WARN_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                     "OpenXR: stop-confirmation quad exceeds the runtime layer limit ({}); "
                     "omitting it for this frame.",
                     m_max_layer_count);
      }
    }
  }

  XrFrameEndInfo end_info{XR_TYPE_FRAME_END_INFO};
  end_info.displayTime = display_time;
  end_info.environmentBlendMode = environment_blend_mode;

  // Only submit layers when the runtime requests rendering and the session is focused.
  // Submit 0 layers in VISIBLE/SYNCHRONIZED states, including system room view.
  if (can_submit_layers)
  {
    end_info.layerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(submit_layers.size());
    end_info.layers = submit_layers.data();
  }

  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> queue_lock;
    if (lock_graphics_queue && m_swapchain)
      queue_lock = m_swapchain->AcquireGraphicsQueueLock();
    XR_CHECK(xrEndFrame(m_session, &end_info));
  }
  m_frame_begun.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::LocateViews()
{
  // Runs on the video/emu thread. With the pacing thread active, m_frame_state belongs
  // to that thread — use the cross-thread snapshot instead, one display period ahead
  // (the frame being rendered now will reach the compositor no earlier than that).
  const XrTime snapshot_time = m_predicted_display_time_snapshot.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
  if (snapshot_time == 0)
    return false;  // No xrWaitFrame yet this session.
  const XrTime display_time =
      IsFrameThreadActive() ?
          snapshot_time + m_predicted_display_period_snapshot.load(std::memory_order_acquire) :
          snapshot_time;

  XrViewLocateInfo locate_info{XR_TYPE_VIEW_LOCATE_INFO};
  locate_info.viewConfigurationType = XR_VIEW_CONFIGURATION_TYPE_PRIMARY_STEREO;
  locate_info.displayTime = display_time;
  locate_info.space = m_reference_space;

  XrViewState view_state{XR_TYPE_VIEW_STATE};
  uint32_t view_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(m_views.size());
  m_views.fill({XR_TYPE_VIEW});

  XR_CHECK(xrLocateViews(m_session, &locate_info, &view_state,
                          view_count, &view_count, m_views.data()));
  m_view_state_flags = view_state.viewStateFlags;

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < view_count; ++i)
  {
    m_eye_views[i].pose = m_views[i].pose;
    m_eye_views[i].fov = m_views[i].fov;
  }

  // Diagnostic: log raw xrLocateViews output every ~2 seconds.  We want to know if the
  // OpenXR runtime is actually returning different positions per eye (real IPD) or if
  // it's collapsing both eyes to the same point.  Real IPD ~ 0.060-0.070 m for adults.
  if (view_count >= 2)
  {
    static int s_locate_views_log_counter = 0;
    if ((s_locate_views_log_counter++ % 180) == 0)
    {
      const XrVector3f& p0 = m_views[0].pose.position;
      const XrVector3f& p1 = m_views[1].pose.position;
      const XrQuaternionf& o0 = m_views[0].pose.orientation;
      const XrQuaternionf& o1 = m_views[1].pose.orientation;
      const float dx = p1.x - p0.x;
      const float dy = p1.y - p0.y;
      const float dz = p1.z - p0.z;
      const float ipd = std::sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
      const XrFovf& f0 = m_views[0].fov;
      const XrFovf& f1 = m_views[1].fov;
      INFO_LOG_FMT(
          OPENXR,
          "VR_IPD_DBG: view_flags=0x{:x} | L_pos=({:.5f},{:.5f},{:.5f}) "
          "R_pos=({:.5f},{:.5f},{:.5f}) delta=({:.5f},{:.5f},{:.5f}) ipd={:.5f} m | "
          "L_quat=({:.4f},{:.4f},{:.4f},{:.4f}) R_quat=({:.4f},{:.4f},{:.4f},{:.4f}) | "
          "L_fov(L={:.4f},R={:.4f},U={:.4f},D={:.4f}) "
          "R_fov(L={:.4f},R={:.4f},U={:.4f},D={:.4f})",
          static_cast<uint32_t>(view_state.viewStateFlags),
          p0.x, p0.y, p0.z, p1.x, p1.y, p1.z, dx, dy, dz, ipd,
          o0.x, o0.y, o0.z, o0.w, o1.x, o1.y, o1.z, o1.w,
          f0.angleLeft, f0.angleRight, f0.angleUp, f0.angleDown,
          f1.angleLeft, f1.angleRight, f1.angleUp, f1.angleDown);
    }
  }

  // Seed the render/submit pose snapshots on the very first locate so SubmitFrame has
  // a valid pose even before any VR draw has refreshed the GS cache.
  if (m_rendered_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.w == 0.0f &&
      m_rendered_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.x == 0.0f &&
      m_rendered_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.y == 0.0f &&
      m_rendered_eye_views[0].pose.orientation.z == 0.0f)
  {
    RecordRenderedEyeViews();
  }

  if (m_recenter_requested.exchange(false, std::memory_order_acq_rel) && view_count >= 2)
  {
    m_home_position.x = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.x + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.x);
    m_home_position.y = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.y + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.y);
    m_home_position.z = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.z + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.z);
    m_home_set = true;
    m_flat_screen_reanchor_pending.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
    const float head_yaw = QuaternionYawDegrees(m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation);
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Recentered home position to ({:.4f},{:.4f},{:.4f}) head_yaw={:.2f}deg.",
                 m_home_position.x, m_home_position.y, m_home_position.z, head_yaw);
  }

  // This runs on the video thread after m_eye_views has been refreshed. Reference-space
  // change events are polled on the XR pacing thread, so consume their re-anchor request
  // here rather than racing the screen-pose cache from that thread.
  RefreshFlatScreenPose();

  return true;
}

void OpenXRManager::RequestRecenter()
{
  m_recenter_requested.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
}

void OpenXRManager::RefreshFlatScreenPose()
{
  const bool reanchor = m_flat_screen_reanchor_pending.exchange(false, std::memory_order_acq_rel);
  std::lock_guard lock(m_flat_screen_pose_mutex);
  if (!reanchor && m_flat_screen_pose_valid)
    return;

  const float distance = g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_distance;

  // A zero orientation means xrLocateViews has not produced a valid pose yet; don't cache it.
  const XrQuaternionf& q = m_eye_views[0].pose.orientation;
  const bool have_pose = (q.x != 0.f || q.y != 0.f || q.z != 0.f || q.w != 0.f);
  if (!have_pose)
  {
    m_flat_screen_pose_valid = false;
    return;
  }

  // Head center and yaw-only heading, so the panel sits in front of the user, upright and
  // level (no pitch/roll), matching PPSSPP's flat-screen placement.
  const XrVector3f& p0 = m_eye_views[0].pose.position;
  const XrVector3f& p1 = m_eye_views[1].pose.position;
  const XrVector3f center{0.5f * (p0.x + p1.x), 0.5f * (p0.y + p1.y), 0.5f * (p0.z + p1.z)};
  const float yaw =
      std::atan2(2.f * (q.x * q.z + q.w * q.y), 1.f - 2.f * (q.x * q.x + q.y * q.y));

  XrPosef pose{};
  pose.orientation = {0.f, std::sin(yaw * 0.5f), 0.f, std::cos(yaw * 0.5f)};
  pose.position = {center.x - std::sin(yaw) * distance, center.y,
                   center.z - std::cos(yaw) * distance};
  m_flat_screen_pose = pose;
  m_flat_screen_pose_valid = true;
}

XrPosef OpenXRManager::GetFlatScreenPose() const
{
  std::lock_guard lock(m_flat_screen_pose_mutex);
  if (m_flat_screen_pose_valid)
    return m_flat_screen_pose;

  return {{0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f}, {0.f, 0.f, -g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_distance}};
}

bool OpenXRManager::SubmitFlatQuadFrame(XrSwapchain swapchain, uint32_t width, uint32_t height)
{
  if (swapchain == XR_NULL_HANDLE || width == 0 || height == 0)
    return IsFrameThreadActive() ? true : EndFrame({});

  const float height_m = g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_size;
  const float configured_aspect = m_flat_screen_aspect.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
  const float aspect = configured_aspect > 0.f ? configured_aspect :
                                                 static_cast<float>(width) / height;

  m_flat_quad_layer = {XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD};
  m_flat_quad_layer.layerFlags = 0;
  m_flat_quad_layer.space = m_reference_space;
  m_flat_quad_layer.eyeVisibility = XR_EYE_VISIBILITY_BOTH;
  m_flat_quad_layer.pose = GetFlatScreenPose();
  m_flat_quad_layer.size = {height_m * aspect, height_m};
  m_flat_quad_layer.subImage.swapchain = swapchain;
  m_flat_quad_layer.subImage.imageArrayIndex = 0;
  m_flat_quad_layer.subImage.imageRect.offset = {0, 0};
  m_flat_quad_layer.subImage.imageRect.extent = {static_cast<int32_t>(width),
                                                 static_cast<int32_t>(height)};

  if (IsFrameThreadActive())
  {
    PublishQuadFrame(m_flat_quad_layer);
    return true;
  }

  const std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*> layers = {
      reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&m_flat_quad_layer)};
  return EndFrame(layers);
}

bool OpenXRManager::SubmitStereoQuadFrame(std::array<XrSwapchain, 2> swapchains, uint32_t width,
                                          uint32_t height)
{
  if (swapchains[0] == XR_NULL_HANDLE || swapchains[1] == XR_NULL_HANDLE || width == 0 ||
      height == 0)
  {
    return IsFrameThreadActive() ? true : EndFrame({});
  }

  const float height_m = g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_size;
  const float configured_aspect = m_flat_screen_aspect.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
  const float aspect = configured_aspect > 0.f ? configured_aspect :
                                                 static_cast<float>(width) / height;
  const XrPosef pose = GetFlatScreenPose();

  std::array<XrCompositionLayerQuad, 2> quad_layers{};
  for (uint32_t eye = 0; eye < 2; ++eye)
  {
    quad_layers[eye] = {XR_TYPE_COMPOSITION_LAYER_QUAD};
    quad_layers[eye].layerFlags = 0;
    quad_layers[eye].space = m_reference_space;
    quad_layers[eye].eyeVisibility =
        eye == 0 ? XR_EYE_VISIBILITY_LEFT : XR_EYE_VISIBILITY_RIGHT;
    quad_layers[eye].pose = pose;
    quad_layers[eye].size = {height_m * aspect, height_m};
    quad_layers[eye].subImage.swapchain = swapchains[eye];
    quad_layers[eye].subImage.imageArrayIndex = 0;
    quad_layers[eye].subImage.imageRect.offset = {0, 0};
    quad_layers[eye].subImage.imageRect.extent = {static_cast<int32_t>(width),
                                                  static_cast<int32_t>(height)};
  }

  if (IsFrameThreadActive())
  {
    PublishStereoQuadFrame(quad_layers);
    return true;
  }

  const std::vector<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*> layers = {
      reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&quad_layers[0]),
      reinterpret_cast<XrCompositionLayerBaseHeader*>(&quad_layers[1])};
  return EndFrame(layers);
}

bool IOpenXRSwapchain::SubmitFlatFrame()
{
  if (!g_openxr)
    return false;
  return g_openxr->SubmitFlatQuadFrame(GetFlatSwapchain(), GetEyeWidth(), GetEyeHeight());
}

bool IOpenXRSwapchain::SubmitStereoFlatFrame()
{
  if (!g_openxr)
    return false;
  return g_openxr->SubmitStereoQuadFrame({GetEyeSwapchainHandle(0), GetEyeSwapchainHandle(1)},
                                         GetEyeWidth(), GetEyeHeight());
}

void OpenXRManager::RecordRenderedEyeViews()
{
  m_rendered_eye_views = GetTrackingAdjustedEyeViews();
  if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_tracking_mode == OpenXRTrackingMode::None)
    m_submitted_eye_views = m_eye_views;
  else
    m_submitted_eye_views = m_rendered_eye_views;
}

void OpenXRManager::StampXFBPose(uint32_t xfb_addr)
{
  // Runs at the XFB copy in FIFO order: the just-copied XFB is the completed frame,
  // and m_submitted_eye_views still holds the pose its draws used — the next frame's
  // first draw (RecordRenderedEyeViews via the GS cache refresh) is what overwrites it.
  XFBPoseStamp* slot = nullptr;
  for (auto& stamp : m_xfb_pose_stamps)
  {
    if (stamp.serial != 0 && stamp.xfb_addr == xfb_addr)
    {
      slot = &stamp;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (!slot)
  {
    slot = &m_xfb_pose_stamps[m_xfb_pose_stamp_next];
    m_xfb_pose_stamp_next = (m_xfb_pose_stamp_next + 1) % m_xfb_pose_stamps.size();
  }
  slot->xfb_addr = xfb_addr;
  slot->serial = ++m_xfb_pose_stamp_serial;
  slot->views = m_submitted_eye_views;
}

void OpenXRManager::SelectPresentPoseForXFB(uint32_t xfb_addr)
{
  // Exact address match first: a VI duplicate present of an older XFB must keep that
  // XFB's own pose even after a newer copy stamped a different buffer. Fall back to
  // the newest stamp (stitched hybrid XFBs can present an address no single copy
  // used); with no stamps at all GetPresentEyeViews falls through to the live
  // snapshot, which is the pre-stamping behavior.
  const XFBPoseStamp* match = nullptr;
  const XFBPoseStamp* newest = nullptr;
  for (const auto& stamp : m_xfb_pose_stamps)
  {
    if (stamp.serial == 0)
      continue;
    if (stamp.xfb_addr == xfb_addr)
      match = &stamp;
    if (!newest || stamp.serial > newest->serial)
      newest = &stamp;
  }
  if (!match)
    match = newest;
  if (match)
  {
    m_present_eye_views = match->views;
    m_present_eye_views_valid = true;
  }
}

void OpenXRManager::EnsureHomePositionFromCurrentViews() const
{
  if (m_home_set)
    return;

  const float center_x = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.x + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.x);
  const float center_y = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.y + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.y);
  const float center_z = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.z + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.z);

  switch (g_ActiveConfig.vr_reference_space_mode)
  {
  case OpenXRReferenceSpaceMode::Stage:
    // In play-space center mode, Dolphin's VR origin follows the OpenXR reference-space origin.
    // With STAGE space this is the runtime's play area center; with fallback LOCAL space it is
    // the runtime-provided local origin.
    m_home_position = {0.f, 0.f, 0.f};
    m_home_set = true;
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Home position set to reference-space origin ({})",
                 ReferenceSpaceTypeName(m_reference_space_type));
    return;

  case OpenXRReferenceSpaceMode::StageHeight:
    if (!m_session_focused || (m_view_state_flags & XR_VIEW_STATE_POSITION_VALID_BIT) == 0 ||
        (m_reference_space_type == XR_REFERENCE_SPACE_TYPE_STAGE && std::fabs(center_y) < 0.05f))
    {
      return;
    }
    m_home_position = {0.f, center_y, 0.f};
    m_home_set = true;
    INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR,
                 "OpenXR: Home position set to reference-space origin with headset height "
                 "({:.4f}) ({})",
                 m_home_position.y, ReferenceSpaceTypeName(m_reference_space_type));
    return;

  case OpenXRReferenceSpaceMode::Local:
    break;
  }

  if (!m_session_focused || (m_view_state_flags & XR_VIEW_STATE_POSITION_VALID_BIT) == 0)
    return;

  m_home_position = {center_x, center_y, center_z};
  m_home_set = true;
  INFO_LOG_FMT(OPENXR, "OpenXR: Home position set to initial headset position ({:.4f},{:.4f},{:.4f})",
               m_home_position.x, m_home_position.y, m_home_position.z);
}

std::array<XREyeView, 2> OpenXRManager::GetTrackingAdjustedEyeViews() const
{
  EnsureHomePositionFromCurrentViews();

  std::array<XREyeView, 2> eye_views = m_eye_views;
  if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_tracking_mode == OpenXRTrackingMode::Full6DoF)
    return eye_views;

  const float center_x = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.x + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.x);
  const float center_y = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.y + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.y);
  const float center_z = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.z + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.z);

  if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_tracking_mode == OpenXRTrackingMode::Rotation3DoF)
  {
    for (uint32_t eye = 0; eye < 2; ++eye)
    {
      eye_views[eye].pose.position.x =
          m_home_position.x + (m_eye_views[eye].pose.position.x - center_x);
      eye_views[eye].pose.position.y =
          m_home_position.y + (m_eye_views[eye].pose.position.y - center_y);
      eye_views[eye].pose.position.z =
          m_home_position.z + (m_eye_views[eye].pose.position.z - center_z);
    }
    return eye_views;
  }

  const float dx = m_eye_views[1].pose.position.x - m_eye_views[0].pose.position.x;
  const float dy = m_eye_views[1].pose.position.y - m_eye_views[0].pose.position.y;
  const float dz = m_eye_views[1].pose.position.z - m_eye_views[0].pose.position.z;
  const float half_ipd = 0.5f * std::sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);

  eye_views[0].pose.orientation = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
  eye_views[1].pose.orientation = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
  eye_views[0].pose.position = {m_home_position.x - half_ipd, m_home_position.y,
                                m_home_position.z};
  eye_views[1].pose.position = {m_home_position.x + half_ipd, m_home_position.y,
                                m_home_position.z};
  return eye_views;
}

namespace
{
constexpr std::array<float, 9> CAMERA_ANCHOR_IDENTITY{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
                                                      0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};

// Rebuild a right-handed orthonormal basis from the columns of a row-major 3x3
// (Gram-Schmidt via cross products, X column authoritative). Removes the element
// matrix's scale and repairs drift from per-entry smoothing. Returns false and
// leaves the matrix untouched when a column is degenerate.
bool OrthonormalizeAnchorRotation(std::array<float, 9>& m)
{
  float xx = m[0], xy = m[3], xz = m[6];
  const float yx = m[1], yy = m[4], yz = m[7];
  const float x_len = std::sqrt(xx * xx + xy * xy + xz * xz);
  if (x_len < 1e-5f)
    return false;
  xx /= x_len;
  xy /= x_len;
  xz /= x_len;
  // z = x cross y, then y = z cross x.
  float zx = xy * yz - xz * yy;
  float zy = xz * yx - xx * yz;
  float zz = xx * yy - xy * yx;
  const float z_len = std::sqrt(zx * zx + zy * zy + zz * zz);
  if (z_len < 1e-5f)
    return false;
  zx /= z_len;
  zy /= z_len;
  zz /= z_len;
  const float nyx = zy * xz - zz * xy;
  const float nyy = zz * xx - zx * xz;
  const float nyz = zx * xy - zy * xx;
  m = {xx, nyx, zx, xy, nyy, zy, xz, nyz, zz};
  return true;
}
}  // namespace

void OpenXRManager::SetPendingCameraAnchor(float x, float y, float z,
                                           const std::array<float, 9>& rotation,
                                           float units_per_meter)
{
  // First anchor draw of the frame wins; later matches (e.g. a second character
  // sharing the element signature) are ignored for determinism.
  if (m_camera_anchor_pending_valid)
    return;
  m_camera_anchor_pending_valid = true;
  m_camera_anchor_pending = {x, y, z};
  m_camera_anchor_pending_rotation = rotation;
  m_camera_anchor_pending_upm = units_per_meter > 0.0f ? units_per_meter : 0.0f;
}

float OpenXRManager::GetEffectiveUnitsPerMeter() const
{
  return m_camera_anchor_upm > 0.0f ? m_camera_anchor_upm : g_ActiveConfig.vr_units_per_meter;
}

void OpenXRManager::CommitCameraAnchorFrame()
{
  // Frames the last target survives without a matching draw before the camera
  // glides back to the default position (rides out transient culling).
  constexpr int HOLD_FRAMES = 15;

  if (m_camera_anchor_pending_valid)
  {
    m_camera_anchor_target = m_camera_anchor_pending;
    m_camera_anchor_target_rotation = m_camera_anchor_pending_rotation;
    if (!OrthonormalizeAnchorRotation(m_camera_anchor_target_rotation))
      m_camera_anchor_target_rotation = CAMERA_ANCHOR_IDENTITY;
    m_camera_anchor_target_upm = m_camera_anchor_pending_upm;
    m_camera_anchor_has_target = true;
    m_camera_anchor_missing_frames = 0;
  }
  else if (m_camera_anchor_has_target && ++m_camera_anchor_missing_frames > HOLD_FRAMES)
  {
    m_camera_anchor_has_target = false;
    m_camera_anchor_target = {};
    m_camera_anchor_target_rotation = CAMERA_ANCHOR_IDENTITY;
    m_camera_anchor_target_upm = 0.0f;
  }
  m_camera_anchor_pending_valid = false;

  // Exponential smoothing: fraction of the previous position kept each frame
  // (0 = hard lock to the element, which transmits every animation bob to the head).
  const float k = std::clamp(g_ActiveConfig.vr_camera_anchor_smoothing, 0.0f, 0.95f);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
  {
    m_camera_anchor_position[i] =
        k * m_camera_anchor_position[i] + (1.0f - k) * m_camera_anchor_target[i];
  }

  // Rotation: per-entry blend toward the target, then re-orthonormalize. For the small
  // per-frame deltas smoothing produces this behaves like a quaternion nlerp; if the
  // blend passes through a degenerate configuration (target ~180 degrees away), snap.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 9; ++i)
  {
    m_camera_anchor_rotation[i] =
        k * m_camera_anchor_rotation[i] + (1.0f - k) * m_camera_anchor_target_rotation[i];
  }
  if (!OrthonormalizeAnchorRotation(m_camera_anchor_rotation))
    m_camera_anchor_rotation = m_camera_anchor_target_rotation;

  // World scale: glide toward the anchor's own scale while engaged, and back to the global
  // setting on release. Once it lands back on the global value the scale disengages entirely
  // (m_camera_anchor_upm = 0) so the global slider stays immediate when no anchor scale is set.
  const float global_upm = std::max(g_ActiveConfig.vr_units_per_meter, 0.0001f);
  if (m_camera_anchor_target_upm > 0.0f)
  {
    if (m_camera_anchor_upm <= 0.0f)
      m_camera_anchor_upm = global_upm;  // engage from the scale currently on screen
    m_camera_anchor_upm = k * m_camera_anchor_upm + (1.0f - k) * m_camera_anchor_target_upm;
  }
  else if (m_camera_anchor_upm > 0.0f)
  {
    m_camera_anchor_upm = k * m_camera_anchor_upm + (1.0f - k) * global_upm;
    if (std::abs(m_camera_anchor_upm - global_upm) <= 0.001f * global_upm)
      m_camera_anchor_upm = 0.0f;
  }

  bool rotation_active = false;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 9; ++i)
  {
    if (std::abs(m_camera_anchor_rotation[i] - CAMERA_ANCHOR_IDENTITY[i]) > 1e-4f)
    {
      rotation_active = true;
      break;
    }
  }
  m_camera_anchor_rotation_active = rotation_active;

  if (!m_camera_anchor_has_target)
  {
    // Snap the tail of the return glide so a released anchor leaves exactly zero offset.
    const float d2 = m_camera_anchor_position[0] * m_camera_anchor_position[0] +
                     m_camera_anchor_position[1] * m_camera_anchor_position[1] +
                     m_camera_anchor_position[2] * m_camera_anchor_position[2];
    if (d2 < 1e-6f)
      m_camera_anchor_position = {};
    if (!rotation_active)
      m_camera_anchor_rotation = CAMERA_ANCHOR_IDENTITY;
  }
}

bool OpenXRManager::GetControllerAnchorViewPose(int hand, float units_per_meter,
                                                std::array<float, 3>* out_position,
                                                std::array<float, 9>* out_rotation)
{
  if (hand < 0 || hand > 1 || !out_position)
    return false;

  // Under the head-pose lock the eye projection is frozen for the whole game frame, so
  // the hand pose must be too — a fresher hand than head would jitter against the
  // world. Without the lock the GS refetches per draw and so do we.
  const bool lock = g_ActiveConfig.VRLockHeadPosePerFrame();
  if (lock && m_controller_anchor_cache_valid[hand] &&
      std::abs(m_controller_anchor_cache_upm[hand] - units_per_meter) <= 0.0001f)
  {
    *out_position = m_controller_anchor_cache[hand];
    if (out_rotation)
      *out_rotation = m_controller_anchor_cache_rot[hand];
    return true;
  }

  const Common::VR::OpenXRInputSnapshot snapshot = Common::VR::OpenXRInputState::GetSnapshot();
  const Common::VR::OpenXRPoseState& aim = snapshot.controllers[hand].aim_pose;
  std::array<float, 9> rot{};
  if (!MapAimPoseToGameView(aim, units_per_meter, out_position, &rot))
    return false;
  if (out_rotation)
    *out_rotation = rot;

  if (lock)
  {
    m_controller_anchor_cache_valid[hand] = true;
    m_controller_anchor_cache[hand] = *out_position;
    m_controller_anchor_cache_rot[hand] = rot;
    m_controller_anchor_cache_upm[hand] = units_per_meter;
  }
  return true;
}

bool OpenXRManager::MapAimPoseToGameView(const Common::VR::OpenXRPoseState& aim,
                                         float units_per_meter,
                                         std::array<float, 3>* out_position,
                                         std::array<float, 9>* out_rotation) const
{
  if (!aim.valid || !out_position)
    return false;

  // Tracking-mode adjustment via the eye-center delta: adjusted_center + (raw − raw_center)
  // reproduces GetTrackingAdjustedEyeViews() for every tracking mode without duplicating
  // its switch (exact identity in Full6DoF) and keeps the hand attached to a pinned head
  // in the 3DoF/no-tracking modes.
  const std::array<XREyeView, 2> adjusted = GetTrackingAdjustedEyeViews();
  const float raw_cx = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.x + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.x);
  const float raw_cy = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.y + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.y);
  const float raw_cz = 0.5f * (m_eye_views[0].pose.position.z + m_eye_views[1].pose.position.z);
  const float adj_cx = 0.5f * (adjusted[0].pose.position.x + adjusted[1].pose.position.x);
  const float adj_cy = 0.5f * (adjusted[0].pose.position.y + adjusted[1].pose.position.y);
  const float adj_cz = 0.5f * (adjusted[0].pose.position.z + adjusted[1].pose.position.z);
  const float cx = adj_cx + (aim.position[0] - raw_cx);
  const float cy = adj_cy + (aim.position[1] - raw_cy);
  const float cz = adj_cz + (aim.position[2] - raw_cz);

  // Replay of the GetEyeProjectionRows eye-position chain (home offset, camera
  // height/forward, anchor rotation, anchor position) with the controller substituted
  // for the eye. Any divergence between the two shows up as the element swimming
  // against the hand under head motion — keep them in lockstep.
  const float s = std::max(units_per_meter, 0.0001f);
  float px = (cx - m_home_position.x) * s;
  float py = (cy - m_home_position.y) * s;
  float pz = (cz - m_home_position.z) * s;
  if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_enable_camera_height)
    py += g_ActiveConfig.vr_camera_height * s;
  if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_enable_camera_forward)
    pz += -g_ActiveConfig.vr_camera_forward * s;
  if (m_camera_anchor_rotation_active)
  {
    const std::array<float, 9>& A = m_camera_anchor_rotation;
    const float rx = px, ry = py, rz = pz;
    px = A[0] * rx + A[1] * ry + A[2] * rz;
    py = A[3] * rx + A[4] * ry + A[5] * rz;
    pz = A[6] * rx + A[7] * ry + A[8] * rz;
  }
  px += m_camera_anchor_position[0];
  py += m_camera_anchor_position[1];
  pz += m_camera_anchor_position[2];

  // Controller orientation in view space. Standard quaternion-to-matrix, columns =
  // controller-local axes in reference space (X right, Y up, -Z the aim direction);
  // directions carry over to view space unchanged — validated by the position path —
  // and the camera-anchor rig rotation applies exactly as it does to the eye offsets.
  const float qx = aim.orientation[0], qy = aim.orientation[1];
  const float qz = aim.orientation[2], qw = aim.orientation[3];
  const float x2 = 2.0f * qx * qx, y2 = 2.0f * qy * qy, z2 = 2.0f * qz * qz;
  const float xy = 2.0f * qx * qy, xz = 2.0f * qx * qz, yz = 2.0f * qy * qz;
  const float wx = 2.0f * qw * qx, wy = 2.0f * qw * qy, wz = 2.0f * qw * qz;
  std::array<float, 9> rot = {1.0f - y2 - z2, xy - wz,        xz + wy,
                              xy + wz,        1.0f - x2 - z2, yz - wx,
                              xz - wy,        yz + wx,        1.0f - x2 - y2};
  if (m_camera_anchor_rotation_active)
  {
    const std::array<float, 9>& A = m_camera_anchor_rotation;
    const std::array<float, 9> c = rot;
    for (int r = 0; r < 3; ++r)
    {
      for (int col = 0; col < 3; ++col)
      {
        rot[r * 3 + col] =
            A[r * 3 + 0] * c[0 + col] + A[r * 3 + 1] * c[3 + col] + A[r * 3 + 2] * c[6 + col];
      }
    }
  }

  *out_position = {px, py, pz};
  if (out_rotation)
    *out_rotation = rot;
  return true;
}

void OpenXRManager::ComputeVirtualScreenHit(const Common::VR::OpenXRPoseState& aim,
                                            Common::VR::OpenXRScreenHit* out_hit) const
{
  *out_hit = {};
  if (!aim.valid)
    return;

  if (g_ActiveConfig.vr_flat_screen)
  {
    // Flat panel: a world-locked quad in reference space (meters), yaw-only orientation.
    // Bring the aim ray into quad-local space (quad plane is z=0, +z toward the viewer).
    const XrPosef quad = GetFlatScreenPose();
    const float yaw = 2.0f * std::atan2(quad.orientation.y, quad.orientation.w);
    const float cy = std::cos(yaw), sy = std::sin(yaw);
    const auto to_quad_local = [&](float x, float y, float z) -> std::array<float, 3> {
      // Inverse yaw rotation about Y.
      return {cy * x - sy * z, y, sy * x + cy * z};
    };

    const std::array<float, 3> p = to_quad_local(aim.position[0] - quad.position.x,
                                                 aim.position[1] - quad.position.y,
                                                 aim.position[2] - quad.position.z);
    // Aim forward = orientation * (0,0,-1).
    const float qx = aim.orientation[0], qy = aim.orientation[1];
    const float qz = aim.orientation[2], qw = aim.orientation[3];
    const float fx = -(2.0f * (qx * qz + qw * qy));
    const float fy = -(2.0f * (qy * qz - qw * qx));
    const float fz = -(1.0f - 2.0f * (qx * qx + qy * qy));
    const std::array<float, 3> d = to_quad_local(fx, fy, fz);

    if (std::abs(d[2]) < 1e-6f)
      return;
    const float t = -p[2] / d[2];
    if (t <= 0.0f)
      return;

    const float half_h = std::max(g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_size * 0.5f, 1e-4f);
    const float configured_aspect = m_flat_screen_aspect.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    const float aspect = configured_aspect > 0.0f ? configured_aspect : (16.0f / 9.0f);
    const float half_w = half_h * aspect;
    out_hit->valid = true;
    out_hit->u = (p[0] + t * d[0]) / half_w;
    out_hit->v = (p[1] + t * d[1]) / half_h;
    // Perpendicular distance, not ray length: rotating the controller must not change
    // the emulated sensor-bar distance (ray length grows toward the screen corners).
    out_hit->distance_m = p[2];
    return;
  }

  // Immersive mode: the ortho virtual screen lives in game view space at z = -distance,
  // extents {half_h * 16/9, half_h} (see GeometryShaderManager's cvr_screen constants).
  // Map the aim pose through the same chain the eye takes so the hit matches what is drawn.
  const float upm = std::max(GetEffectiveUnitsPerMeter(), 0.0001f);
  std::array<float, 3> pos{};
  std::array<float, 9> rot{};
  if (!MapAimPoseToGameView(aim, upm, &pos, &rot))
    return;

  // Aim forward in view space = -third column of the rotation.
  const float dx = -rot[2], dy = -rot[5], dz = -rot[8];
  if (std::abs(dz) < 1e-6f)
    return;

  const float dist = upm * g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_distance;
  const float half_h = std::max(upm * g_ActiveConfig.vr_screen_size * 0.5f, 1e-4f);
  const float half_w = half_h * (16.0f / 9.0f);

  const float t = (-dist - pos[2]) / dz;
  if (t <= 0.0f)
    return;

  out_hit->valid = true;
  out_hit->u = (pos[0] + t * dx) / half_w;
  out_hit->v = (pos[1] + t * dy) / half_h;
  // Perpendicular distance to the screen plane (see the flat-mode note above).
  out_hit->distance_m = (pos[2] + dist) / upm;
}

void OpenXRManager::InvalidateControllerAnchorCache()
{
  m_controller_anchor_cache_valid = {false, false};
}

void OpenXRManager::GetEyeProjectionRows(
    float units_per_meter,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 4>& out_proj_rows,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 2>& out_z_rows) const
{
  GetEyeProjectionRowsImpl(units_per_meter, true, out_proj_rows, out_z_rows);
}

void OpenXRManager::GetTrackedEyeProjectionRows(
    float units_per_meter,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 4>& out_proj_rows,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 2>& out_z_rows) const
{
  GetEyeProjectionRowsImpl(units_per_meter, false, out_proj_rows, out_z_rows);
}

void OpenXRManager::GetEyeProjectionRowsImpl(
    float units_per_meter, bool apply_game_camera,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 4>& out_proj_rows,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 2>& out_z_rows) const
{
  const float s = std::max(units_per_meter, 0.0001f);
  constexpr float DEG_TO_RAD = 0.01745329252f;
  const float lean_back_rad =
      apply_game_camera && g_ActiveConfig.vr_enable_lean_back_angle ?
          g_ActiveConfig.vr_lean_back_angle * DEG_TO_RAD :
          0.0f;
  // Positive UI values should move the camera forward.
  // In this projection path, decreasing eye-space Z corresponds to moving forward.
  const float camera_forward_units =
      apply_game_camera && g_ActiveConfig.vr_enable_camera_forward ?
          -g_ActiveConfig.vr_camera_forward * s :
          0.0f;
  // Positive UI values should move the camera upward.
  const float camera_height_units =
      apply_game_camera && g_ActiveConfig.vr_enable_camera_height ?
          g_ActiveConfig.vr_camera_height * s :
          0.0f;

  const std::array<XREyeView, 2> eye_views = GetTrackingAdjustedEyeViews();
  const float eye_center_x =
      0.5f * (eye_views[0].pose.position.x + eye_views[1].pose.position.x);
  const float eye_center_y =
      0.5f * (eye_views[0].pose.position.y + eye_views[1].pose.position.y);
  const float eye_center_z =
      0.5f * (eye_views[0].pose.position.z + eye_views[1].pose.position.z);
  const float eye_offset_scale = s * g_ActiveConfig.vr_stereo_separation;

  for (uint32_t eye = 0; eye < 2; ++eye)
  {
    const XrFovf& fov = eye_views[eye].fov;
    const XrQuaternionf& q_xr = eye_views[eye].pose.orientation;
    const XrVector3f& eye_pos_xr = eye_views[eye].pose.position;
    XrQuaternionf q = {-q_xr.x, -q_xr.y, -q_xr.z, q_xr.w};
    if (lean_back_rad != 0.0f)
    {
      const float half_angle = 0.5f * lean_back_rad;
      const XrQuaternionf lean_back_quat = {std::sin(half_angle), 0.0f, 0.0f,
                                            std::cos(half_angle)};
      q = MultiplyQuaternions(q, lean_back_quat);
    }

    // --- Quaternion to 3x3 rotation matrix R ---
    // R transforms from eye-local frame to reference space (standard quaternion convention).
    // Columns of R are the eye's local axes expressed in reference-space coordinates.
    // To go reference→local we use R^T, but it's never needed explicitly: see below.
    const float x2 = 2.0f * q.x * q.x, y2 = 2.0f * q.y * q.y, z2 = 2.0f * q.z * q.z;
    const float xy = 2.0f * q.x * q.y, xz = 2.0f * q.x * q.z, yz = 2.0f * q.y * q.z;
    const float wx = 2.0f * q.w * q.x, wy = 2.0f * q.w * q.y, wz = 2.0f * q.w * q.z;

    // R rows (R[row][col]):
    // R[0] = { 1-y2-z2,  xy+wz,   xz-wy  }
    // R[1] = { xy-wz,    1-x2-z2, yz+wx   }
    // R[2] = { xz+wy,    yz-wx,   1-x2-y2 }
    //
    // R^T maps reference-space positions into eye-local coords:
    //   eye_local = R^T * (viewPos - eye_pos_game)
    //
    // clip_x = P_row0 · eye_local = P_row0 · R^T · d
    //        = Σ_j d_j · (Σ_i P_i · R[j][i])
    //        = (R * P_col0) · d
    //
    // So combined_row = R * proj_col  (NOT R^T * proj_col — that would be wrong).

    // R matrix elements (row, col)
    const float r00 = 1.0f - y2 - z2, r01 = xy + wz, r02 = xz - wy;
    const float r10 = xy - wz, r11 = 1.0f - x2 - z2, r12 = yz + wx;
    const float r20 = xz + wy, r21 = yz - wx, r22 = 1.0f - x2 - y2;

    // Camera anchor rotation: attach the camera rig to the anchor element's frame.
    // A's columns are the rig axes in view space, so the full eye-local -> view
    // rotation is A*R (HMD rotation composes inside the rig frame, and the user can
    // still look around freely from the element-oriented base).
    float m00 = r00, m01 = r01, m02 = r02;
    float m10 = r10, m11 = r11, m12 = r12;
    float m20 = r20, m21 = r21, m22 = r22;
    if (apply_game_camera && m_camera_anchor_rotation_active)
    {
      const std::array<float, 9>& A = m_camera_anchor_rotation;
      m00 = A[0] * r00 + A[1] * r10 + A[2] * r20;
      m01 = A[0] * r01 + A[1] * r11 + A[2] * r21;
      m02 = A[0] * r02 + A[1] * r12 + A[2] * r22;
      m10 = A[3] * r00 + A[4] * r10 + A[5] * r20;
      m11 = A[3] * r01 + A[4] * r11 + A[5] * r21;
      m12 = A[3] * r02 + A[4] * r12 + A[5] * r22;
      m20 = A[6] * r00 + A[7] * r10 + A[8] * r20;
      m21 = A[6] * r01 + A[7] * r11 + A[8] * r21;
      m22 = A[6] * r02 + A[7] * r12 + A[8] * r22;
    }

    // --- Asymmetric projection from FOV tangent angles ---
    const float tanL = tanf(fov.angleLeft);   // negative
    const float tanR_val = tanf(fov.angleRight);  // positive
    const float tanU = tanf(fov.angleUp);     // positive
    const float tanD = tanf(fov.angleDown);   // negative

    const float inv_w = 1.0f / (tanR_val - tanL);
    const float inv_h = 1.0f / (tanU - tanD);

    // Raw projection rows (before head rotation):
    //   proj_row0 = { 2*inv_w,  0,        (tanR+tanL)*inv_w }
    //   proj_row1 = { 0,        2*inv_h,  (tanU+tanD)*inv_h }
    const float p0x = 2.0f * inv_w;
    const float p0z = (tanR_val + tanL) * inv_w;
    const float p1y = 2.0f * inv_h;
    const float p1z = (tanU + tanD) * inv_h;

    // --- Bake rotation: combined = (A*R) * proj_row ---
    // combined_row0 = (A*R) * {p0x, 0, p0z}
    const float c0x = m00 * p0x + m02 * p0z;
    const float c0y = m10 * p0x + m12 * p0z;
    const float c0z = m20 * p0x + m22 * p0z;

    // combined_row1 = (A*R) * {0, p1y, p1z}
    const float c1x = m01 * p1y + m02 * p1z;
    const float c1y = m11 * p1y + m12 * p1z;
    const float c1z = m21 * p1y + m22 * p1z;

    // Keep head translation and world scale unchanged while independently scaling only the
    // per-eye offset around the head center.
    float ex = (eye_center_x - m_home_position.x) * s +
               (eye_pos_xr.x - eye_center_x) * eye_offset_scale;
    float ey = (eye_center_y - m_home_position.y) * s +
               (eye_pos_xr.y - eye_center_y) * eye_offset_scale;
    float ez = (eye_center_z - m_home_position.z) * s +
               (eye_pos_xr.z - eye_center_z) * eye_offset_scale;
    if (camera_height_units != 0.0f)
      ey += camera_height_units;
    if (camera_forward_units != 0.0f)
    {
      // Apply a fixed camera-space forward offset without coupling it to current
      // head orientation. This keeps head tracking anchored like freelook offsets.
      ez += camera_forward_units;
    }
    if (apply_game_camera && m_camera_anchor_rotation_active)
    {
      // The offsets above are rig-space; rotate them into view space so IPD, room
      // tracking and the fixed camera offsets stay aligned with the turned rig.
      const std::array<float, 9>& A = m_camera_anchor_rotation;
      const float rx = ex, ry = ey, rz = ez;
      ex = A[0] * rx + A[1] * ry + A[2] * rz;
      ey = A[3] * rx + A[4] * ry + A[5] * rz;
      ez = A[6] * rx + A[7] * ry + A[8] * rz;
    }
    // Camera anchor: committed element position, already in game units and game view
    // space (see CommitCameraAnchorFrame). Zero when no anchor override is active;
    // capture is gated on the enable toggle, so disabling glides the camera home.
    if (apply_game_camera)
    {
      ex += m_camera_anchor_position[0];
      ey += m_camera_anchor_position[1];
      ez += m_camera_anchor_position[2];
    }

    // W component: -dot(combined_xyz, eye_pos) using the ROTATED projection rows.
    // This gives the correct full view transform: P · R^T · (viewPos - eye_pos).
    const float c0w = -(c0x * ex + c0y * ey + c0z * ez);
    const float c1w = -(c1x * ex + c1y * ey + c1z * ez);

    out_proj_rows[eye * 2 + 0] = {c0x, c0y, c0z, c0w};
    out_proj_rows[eye * 2 + 1] = {c1x, c1y, c1z, c1w};

    // --- Z-axis row for depth/w computation ---
    // z_eye = ((A*R)^T * (viewPos - eye_pos)).z = dot((A*R)_col2, viewPos - eye_pos)
    // (A*R)_col2 = {m02, m12, m22}
    const float zw = -(m02 * ex + m12 * ey + m22 * ez);
    out_z_rows[eye] = {m02, m12, m22, zw};

  }
}

void OpenXRManager::GetRawEyeProjectionRows(
    float units_per_meter,
    std::array<std::array<float, 4>, 4>& out_proj_rows) const
{
  const float s = std::max(units_per_meter, 0.0001f);
  const std::array<XREyeView, 2> eye_views = GetTrackingAdjustedEyeViews();

  // Compute head center (average of both eyes) for extracting per-eye local offset.
  const float hx = 0.5f * (eye_views[0].pose.position.x + eye_views[1].pose.position.x);
  const float hy = 0.5f * (eye_views[0].pose.position.y + eye_views[1].pose.position.y);
  const float hz = 0.5f * (eye_views[0].pose.position.z + eye_views[1].pose.position.z);

  // Get head rotation to compute R^T * (eye_world - head_center) = local eye offset.
  const XrQuaternionf& q_xr = eye_views[0].pose.orientation;
  const XrQuaternionf q = {-q_xr.x, -q_xr.y, -q_xr.z, q_xr.w};
  const float x2 = 2.0f * q.x * q.x, y2 = 2.0f * q.y * q.y, z2 = 2.0f * q.z * q.z;
  const float xy = 2.0f * q.x * q.y, xz = 2.0f * q.x * q.z, yz = 2.0f * q.y * q.z;
  const float wx = 2.0f * q.w * q.x, wy = 2.0f * q.w * q.y, wz = 2.0f * q.w * q.z;

  // R^T rows (= R columns) for transforming world offset to head-local space
  const float rt00 = 1.0f - y2 - z2, rt01 = xy - wz, rt02 = xz + wy;
  const float rt10 = xy + wz, rt11 = 1.0f - x2 - z2, rt12 = yz - wx;

  for (uint32_t eye = 0; eye < 2; ++eye)
  {
    const XrFovf& fov = eye_views[eye].fov;
    const XrVector3f& eye_pos_xr = eye_views[eye].pose.position;

    // --- Asymmetric projection from FOV tangent angles (same as rotated version) ---
    const float tanL = tanf(fov.angleLeft);
    const float tanR_val = tanf(fov.angleRight);
    const float tanU = tanf(fov.angleUp);
    const float tanD = tanf(fov.angleDown);

    const float inv_w = 1.0f / (tanR_val - tanL);
    const float inv_h = 1.0f / (tanU - tanD);

    // Raw (unrotated) projection rows
    const float p0x = 2.0f * inv_w;
    const float p0z = (tanR_val + tanL) * inv_w;
    const float p1y = 2.0f * inv_h;
    const float p1z = (tanU + tanD) * inv_h;

    // Per-eye offset in head-local space: R^T * (eye_world - head_center)
    const float dx = eye_pos_xr.x - hx;
    const float dy = eye_pos_xr.y - hy;
    const float dz = eye_pos_xr.z - hz;

    const float eye_offset_scale = s * g_ActiveConfig.vr_stereo_separation;
    const float local_ex = (rt00 * dx + rt01 * dy + rt02 * dz) * eye_offset_scale;
    const float local_ey = (rt10 * dx + rt11 * dy + rt12 * dz) * eye_offset_scale;

    // W component using raw (unrotated) P rows and head-local eye offset
    const float pw0 = -(p0x * local_ex + p0z * 0.0f);  // p0z * local_ez ≈ 0
    const float pw1 = -(p1y * local_ey + p1z * 0.0f);  // p1z * local_ez ≈ 0

    out_proj_rows[eye * 2 + 0] = {p0x, 0.0f, p0z, pw0};
    out_proj_rows[eye * 2 + 1] = {0.0f, p1y, p1z, pw1};
  }
}

bool OpenXRManager::IsQuestOrVirtualDesktopRuntime() const
{
  // Cached: queried per draw on the Vulkan path; the case-insensitive name scans must not
  // run hundreds of thousands of times per frame. Names are fixed after instance/system
  // init (the cache is reset where they are assigned).
  if (!m_quest_or_vd_runtime.has_value())
  {
    const bool virtual_desktop_runtime =
        Common::CaseInsensitiveContains(m_runtime_name, "virtualdesktop") ||
        Common::CaseInsensitiveContains(m_runtime_name, "virtual desktop");
    const bool quest_class_system =
        Common::CaseInsensitiveContains(m_system_name, "quest") ||
        Common::CaseInsensitiveContains(m_system_name, "oculus") ||
        Common::CaseInsensitiveContains(m_system_name, "meta");
    m_quest_or_vd_runtime = virtual_desktop_runtime || quest_class_system;
  }
  return *m_quest_or_vd_runtime;
}

}  // namespace VR

#endif  // ENABLE_VR